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foundryman's 
Reference Book 



A convenient pocket-book of reference for all 
persons interested in iron or brass foundrys, 
either as draftsman, pattern makers, foun- 
dry foreman, moulders, or coremakers 



BY 

JAMES F. POWE 

Practical Moulder and Foundry Manager 

PITTSFIELD, MASS. 



PRICE $2.50 



EAGLE PRINTING AND BINDING CO. 
Pittsfield, Mass. 



Copyrighted by 
JAS. F. BOWE 









PREFACE 



All men engaged or interested in foundry work, 
it matters not in what capacity, often require 
information which cannot be carried in the mind 
or remembered at the moment. 

To obviate the necessity of looking through 
several large and more pretentious volumes is the 
object sought. In preparing the following pages 
the aim has been to present in a convenient, brief 
and condensed form, tables, rules, formula and 
other data which experience has proved to be of 
value to foundrymen. 

•The Author 



©CLA420365 

JAN 15 1915 



INDEX 



Aluminum 



Page 



Properties of 21 

g astin g s .;.*;.;;::: ";;::::::::: 50 

Bronze 51 

Patterns . . . . 47 

Solders c n 

fiux ::::::::::::: I* 

Hardener 50 

Analysis of 

Coke 29 

Coal '' ' ' ' 29 

Iron 30 

Sand " ' ". 9a 

Acids 

For Cleaning Iron Castings 55 

For Cleaning Brass Castings 57 

Resisting Metals 52 

Arsenic 

Properties of 22 

Antimony 

Properties of 21 

Boron 

Properties of 22 

In Copper Castings ........ ..IV. /..'.. *V. 55 

Bismuth 22 

Blow Holes 

To Control 44 

Boxes 

Capacity of v e< iq 

Brass 

Yellow KA 

** :::::::::::::::::::::::: ft 

Bronzes 

Phosper 5 ~ 

Manganese ' ' " £ 

silicon ; ; ■ • ■ • %l 

Bearing ' - ' ' „ 

48 

48 

3 



Bay berry Wax 
Beeswax . 



INDEX 



Page 
Cadmium 

Properties of 22 

Carbon 

Properties of 23 

Copper 

Properties of 23 

Castings 55 

Core 

Sand Mixtures 38-9-40 

Sand Binder 41 

Paste 41 

Putty 41 

Chill Wash 42 

Chills 

Thickness of 16 

Coatings for 42 

Cupola 

Capacity and How to Charge and other data 36 

Crushes 45 

Crucibles 

Diam. and Capacity of 49 

Coloring 

Brass Castings 55 

Composition or Red Metals 54 

Contraction 

How to Control 43 

Casting One Metal on Another 44 

Cost of Castings 60 

Conversion Table 

Metric and English , 9 

Castings 

Light, Strong 34 

Drops and Drawn Down Copes 45 

Distance 

Between American Cities 76-77 

Decimal Equivalents 10 

Facing Sands 

Green 28 

Skin Dry 37 

Oven Dried 37 

Follow Boards and Match Boards 42 

First Aid to the Injured 19 

Fluxes Used in 

Brass Foundry 58 

Iron Foundry 58-59 

Figuring 

Iron Mixtures 32 

4 









INDEX 

Page 

Heat 

Degrees Used in Metallurgy 11 

Specific of Metals 20 

Iron 

Properties of 24 

Analysis of Foundry 30 

Mixtures of for Various Classes of Work 33 

Mixing by Analysis 32 

Filler 48 

Cost of Castings 60 

Estimating on New Work 61 

Strength of 62 

Weight of as usually piled 13 

Lead 

Properties of 24 

Ladles 

Dimension and Capacity 18 

Mercury 

Properties of 25 

Metals 

Strength of 20-62 

Melting Point 20 

Wt. per Cu. Inch 20 

Conductivity Heat 20 

Conductivity Electricial 20 

Manganese 

Properties of 25 

Magnesium 

Properties of 24 

Metaloids 

Effect of on Cast Iron 31 

Metric System 9 

Melting 

To Mix by Analysis 32 

Magnalium 50 

Nickel 

Properties of 25 

Oil 

For Iron Moulds 42 

Phosphorus 

Properties of 25 

Pattern 

Metals Non-Shrinking 47 

Varnishes 47-48 

Filler 48 

Wt. of Casting from Wt. of 46 

Pressure in Moulds 17 



INDEX 

Page 
Relative Value of 

Net Tons and Gross Tons 15 

Rat Tails 

How to Prevent 45 

Silicon 

Properties of 26 

Sands 

Analysis of 28 

Shrinkage 

To Control 44 

Of Castings 46 

Scabbed Castings 

To Prevent 45 

Sulphur 

Properties of .26 

Specific 

Heat 20 

Gravity 20 

Strength of 

Ropes and Chains 12 

Metals 62 

Steam Metals 54 

Tin 

Properties of 27 

Thermometer 

Conversion 18 

Table 

For Changing Percentages to Ounces and Drams 65-66 

Giving Diameter, Circumference, Area and Weight 
of Round Plates 67-74 

Titanium 59 

Weights and Measures 7 

Weight of 

One Cubic Foot of Materials 13 

Balls 64 

Round Plates, Etc 67-74 

Hexagon and Octagon Section 73 

To Find the Weight of Castings from Dimensions ... 63 

To Find the Weight From Wt. of Patterns 46 

Per Cubic Inch of Metals 20 

Vanadium 59 

Vents 

Wax Composition 41 

Warping 

To Control 43 

Zinc 

Properties of 27 

6 



Weights and Measures 

TROY 

24 grains (gr.) 1 pennyweight — pwt. 

20 pwt 1 ounce — oz. 

3.2 grains 1 carat, diamond wt. 

By this weight gold, silver and jewels only are weighed. 
The ounce and pound in this are the same as in apothecaries' 
weight. 

APOTHECARIES' 

20 grains 1 scruple 8 drs 1 ounce 

3 scruples 1 drachm 12 ozs 1 pound 

AVOIRDUPOIS 

16 drachms 1 ounce 4 grs 100 weight — cwt. 

16 ounces 1 pound 20 hundred weight 1 ton 

25 lbs 1 quarter — qr_ 

5,760 grains apothecaries' or troy weight 1 lb. 

7,000 grains avoirdupois weight 1 lb. 

Therefore, 144 lbs. avoirdupois equal 175 lbs. apothecaries' 
or troy. 

LIQUIDS 
1 gallon oil weighs 7.32 lbs. . . 1 gallon sea water. . .8.55 lbs. 
avoirdupois 

1 gallon distilled water. 8. 33 lbs. 1 gallon proof spirits 7.68 lbs. 

MISCELLANEOUS 
Iron, Lead, etc. Beef, Pork, etc. 

14 pounds 1 stone 200 pounds 1 barrel 

21 H stones 1 pig 196 lbs. (flour) 1 barrel 

8 pigs 1 father 100 lbs. (fish) 1 quintal 

DRY 

2 pint's 1 quart — qt. 4 pecks 1 bushel — bu. 

8 quarts 1 peck — pk. 36 bushels 1 chaldron 

LIQUID OR WINE 

4 gills 1 pint — pt. U. S. Standard Gallon 

2 pints 1 quart — qt. 231 cubic inches 

4 quarts 1 gallon — gal. Beer gal 282 cubic in. 

31 }/2 gallons ... 1 barrel — bbl. 36 beer gallons 1 bbl. 

21 barrels. .1 hogshead — hhd. 

TIME 

60 seconds 1 minute 30 day s (in computing inter- 

60 minutes 1 hour est) . 1 month 

24 hours 1 day 52 weeks and 1 day or 12 cal. 

7 days 1 week months 1 year 

4 weeks 1 lunar month 365 days, 5 h., 48 min. and 49 

28, 29, 30, or 31 days seconds 1 solar year 

1 calendar month 

CIRCULAR 

60 seconds 1 minute 90 degrees 1 quadrant 

60 minutes 1 degree 4 quadrants or 360 degrees . . 

30 degrees 1 sign 1 circ]£ 



Metric Equivalents 



LINEAR MEASURE 

1 centimeter — 0.3937 in. 1 kilometer — 0.62137 mile 

1 decimeter — 3.937 in. — 0.328 1 in. — 2.54 centimeters 

feet 1 ft. — 3.048 decimeters 

1 meter — 39.37 in. — 1.0936 1 yard — 0.9144 meter 

yards 1 rod— 0.5029 dekameter 

1 dekameter— 1.9884 rods 1 mile — 1.6093 kilometers 

SQUARE MEASURE 
1 aq. centimeter — 0.1550sq.in. 1 sq. in. — 6.452 sq. ceDtimetera 
1 sq. decimeter— €.1076 sq. ft. 1 sq. ft. — 9.2903 sq. decimeters 
1 sq. meter — 1.196 sq. yard 1 sq. yard — 0.8361 sq. meter 
1 are. — 3.954 square rods 1 square rod— 0.2529 are. 

1 hektar — 2.47 acres 1 acre — 0.4047 hektar 

1 square kilometer— 0.386 sq. 1 sq mile — 2.59 sq. kilometer 
in. 

MEASURE OF VOLUME 

1 cu. centimeter — 0.061 cu. in. 1 cu. inch — 16.39 cu. centi- 

1 cu. decimeter — 0.0353 cu. ft. meter 

1 cu. m'r \ f 1.308 cu. yd. } cu - H \— 2 %W*a U ' decil ? etera 

1 ster / — I 0.2759 cd. } cu '/ d '.riL' 6 ? 6 cu * meter 

rnn^o ^ j 1 cord — 3.624 sters 

! liter— ( ?-2?f 7^;^ 1 at. dry— 1.101 liters 

I liter— ( x Oo67 qt hq 1 qt liq _o -9463 liter> 

_ . . _ (2.6417 gal. 1 gallon— 0.3785 dekaliter 

1 dekaliter— | 135 pe cks x pec k— 0.881 dekiliter 

1 hektoliter— 2.8375 bush. 1 bushel— 0.3524 hektoliter 

WEIGHTS 
1 gram — 0.03527 ounce 1 oucce — 28.35 grams 

1 kilogram— 2.2046 lbs. 1 pound— 0.4536 kilogram 

1 metric ton— 1.1023 English 1 English ton— 0.9072 metric 
ton ton 

Approximate Metric Equivalents 

1 decimeter — 4 inches .. } 1.06 qt. liquid 

1 meter— 1.1 yards * hter— , 9 qt fay 

1 kelometer — Y% of mile 1 hektoliter — 2% bushels 

1 hektar — 2 Yi acres 1 kilogram — 2 1/5 pounds 

l ster. or cu. meter — K of a 1 metric ton — 2200 pounds 
cord 






METRIC SYSTEM 

Measures of Weight 

(Unit Gramme) 





Grains 


Oz. Troy 


Lb. Avor. 


Cwt. 


Centigramme. . . 


0.15432 








Decigramme .... 


1.54323 


0.003 






Gramme 


15.43235 


0.032 


6.002 




Decagramme . . . 


154.32349 


0.321 


0.022 




Hectogramme . . . 


1543.23488 


3.215 


0.220 


0.009 


Kilogramme. . . . 


15432.34880 


32.150 


2.204 


0.011 



Measures of Length 
(Unit Metre) 



Millimetre . . 
Centimetre . 
Decimetre. . 
Ivletre 

Decimetre'. ' 393 . 70790 

Hectometre 3937 .07900 



Inches 

0.03937 

0.39371 

3.93708 

39.37079 



Feet 
0.003 
0.032 
0.328 
3.280 

32.808 
328.089 



Yards 
0.001 
0.010 
0.109 
1.093 
10.936 

109.363 



Miles 



0.006 
0.062 



Kilometre 39370 . 79000 3280 . 899 1093 .633 . 621 



Convenient Multiples for Conversion 



To Convert 

Grains to Grammes multiply by 

Ounces to Grammes 

Pounds to Grammes 

" " Kilogrammes 

Cwts. to " 

Tons " " 

Grammes to Grains 

" M Ounces 

Kilogrammes to Ounces 

" Pounds 

" Cwts 

" Tons 

Inches to Millimetres 

" " Centimetres 

Feet to Metres 

Yards to " 

" " Kilometres, 

Miles " " 

Millimetres to Inches 

Centimetres to ** 

Metres to Feet 

M Yards 

Kilometres to Yards 

" " Miles 



.065 
28.35 
453.6 
.45 
50.8 
1016. 
15.4 
0.35 
35.3 
2.2 
.02 
.001 
25.4 
2.54 
.3048 
.9144 
.0009 
1.6 
.04 
.4 
3.3 
1.1 
1093.6 
.62 



1 Yard=0.9144 Metre. 1 Sq. Metre=1.196 Sq. Yard. 
1 Litrezil.760 Pintsor 0.22 Gals. 



FRACTIONAL PART OF AN INCH 

Expressed in Decimals.; 



1-S = 


12500 


1-64 = 


015625 


1-4 = 


25000 


3-64 = 


046S75 


3-S = 


37500 


.5-64 = 


078125 


1-2 = 


50000 


7-64 = 


.109375 


5-8 = 


62500 


9-64 = 


.140625 


3-4 = 


75000 


11-64 = 


.171875 


7-8 = 


87500 


13-64 = 


.203125 


1-16 = 


06250 


1.5-64 = 


.234375 


3-16 = 


.18750 


17-64 = 


.265625 


.5-16 = 


.31250 


19-64= 


.296875 


7-16 = 


= 


21-64 = 


.328125 


9-16 = 


56250 


23-64 = 


.359375 


11-16 = 


68750 


2.5-64 = 


. .25 


13-16 = 


.81250 


27-64 = 


.421875 


1.5-16 = 


.03750 


29-64 = 


.453125 


1-32 = 


.03125 


31-64 = 


.484375 


3-32 = 


.00375 


33-64 = 


.515625 


5-32 = 


,15625 


3.5-64 = 


.546875 


7-32 = 


.21875 


37-64 = 


.578125 


9-32= 


.28125 


39-64= 


.609375 


11-32 = 


.34375 


41-64 = 


,64062o 


13-32 = 


.40625 


4:3-64 = 


.671875 


1.5-32 = 


.46875 


4.5-64 = 


.703125 


17-32 = 


.53125 


47-64 = 


.734375 


19-32 = 


,59375 


49-64 = 


. 765625 


21-32 = 


,65625 


51-64 = 


. 796875 


23-32 = 


.71875 


53-64 = 


.828125 


2.5-32 = 


.78125 


5-5-64 = 


.859375 


27-32 = 


.S4375 


57-64 = 


, 890625 


29-32 = 


,90625 


59-64 = 


.921875 


31-32 = 


. 96875 


61-64 = 


.953125 






63-64 = 


.984375 



10 



\ 



Degrees of Heat Used in Metallurgy 



6400 deg. F. 


Electric furnace 


6300 " " 


Oxy. Acetylene torch 


5400 " " 


Thermit welding 


5100 " " 


Oxy-hydrogen blow pipe 


4700 M " 


Lime melts 


4600 " " 




4200 " " 


Iridium melts 


4000 " " 


Cromite and Boron melts 


3900 " " 


Magnesia Brick melts 


3800 " " 


Alundum and Alumina melts 


3600 " " 


Tungsten melts 


3500 " " 


Blast furnace at tuyeres 


3200 " " 


Platinum and vanadium melts 


3100 ; " " 


Silica Brick melts 


3000 ". " 


Bessemer Converter and fire brick 


2800 " " 


Open hearth Steel 


2700 " " 


Pig Iron Blast furnace 


2600 " " 


Iron is Brilliant white 


2500 " " 




4 is bright white 


2400 " " 




1 is white Pouring heat for grey cast iron 


2300 " " 




* clear orange 


2200 " *' 




" bright orange, cast iron melts 


2100 " " 




1 dull orange, copper melts 


2000 " " 




1 deep orange, red metal melts 


1800 " " 




' plear red, yellow brass melts 


1600 * 4 " 




* full red 


1400 " '* 




1 cherry red 


1300 " " 




* dull red Pouring temperature Aluminum 


1000 " " 


" red just visible 


400 to 600 


core 


oven heat 



11 



Diameter and Safe Working Load in Pounds of 

Wire Ropes, Chains and Manilla Ropes 

of Good Quality 

When used double or other multiples increase 
load proportionally. 





Safety 


First ' 




Wire Rope 


Chain 


Fibre Ropes 


Diam. 


Work. Load 


Work. Load Work. Load 


% 


1500 


1200 


120 


l A 


2400 


2400 


250 


Vs 


4000 


4000 


360 


% 


6000 


5500 


520 


% 


8000 


7500 


620 


1 


10000 


9500 


750 


lVs 


13000 


12000 


1000 


1U 


16000 


15000 


1200 


1% 


19000 


22000 


1400 


IV2 


22000 


30000 


1600 


1% 


27000 


40000 


2100 


2 


33000 


50000 


2800 



12 



Weight of 1 Cubic Foot of Materials Used in 
Foundry 

Lbs. per Wt. lbs. 

cubic ft. per bush. 

Ashes 37 

Brass trimmings 157 

Charcoal not crushed 18 20 

Coke 32 40 

Coal, Anthracite 60 86 

Coal, Bituminous 53 80 

Cast Iron turnings 140 

Core compound (Tar) 35 

Fire Clay 90 

Flour 36 

Fire Brick 102 

Loam gravel 103 

Limestone 90 

Moulding sand 88 

Plumbago 40 

River sand 90 

Sea coal 53 

Soap stone 62 

White sand 84 

Pig iron as usually piled will average 73^ cubic 
feet per ton. 

When piled very closely 7 cubic ft. to ton. 
Loosely piled 8 cubic ft. to ton. 
Cubic ft.: 1728 cubic inches. 
One Bushel: 2150 cubic inches. 



13 



Equivalent of Tons in Pounds, 
2240 Pounds to Ton 



Ton 


Pounds 


Ton 


Pounds 


Ton 


Pounds 


17 


38080 


25 


56000 


33 


73920 


17% 


38640 


25 % 


56560 


33% 


74480 


17 J* 


39200 


25^ 


57120 


33^ 


75040 


17% 


39760 


25% 


57680 


33% 


75600 


18 


40320 


26 


58240 


34 


76160 


18% 


40880 


26% 


58800 


34% 


76720 


W$ 


41440 


26^ 


59360 


34 J* 


77280 


18% 


42000 


26% 


59920 


34% 


77840 


19 


42560 


27 


60480 


35 


78400 


19% 


43120 


27 % 


61040 


35% 


78960 


19^ 


43680 


27 y 2 


61600 


35 y 2 


79520 


19% 


44240 


27% 


62160 


35% 


80080 


20 


44800 


28 


62720 


36 


80640 


20% 


45360 


28% 


63280 


36% 


81200 


20^ 


45920 


28^ 


63840 


36% 


81760 


20% 


46480 


28% 


64400 


36% 


82320 


21 


47040 


29 


64960 


37 


82880 


21 % 


47600 


29% 


65520 


37% 


83440 


2iy 2 


48160 


29^ 


66080 


37J^ 


84000 


21% 


48720 


29% 


66640 


37% 


84560 


22 


49280 


30 


67200 


38 


85120 


22% 


49840 


30% 


67760 


38% 


85680 


22 J^ 


50400 


30% 


68320 


38% 


86240 


22J4 


50960 


30% 


68880 


38% 


86800 


23 


41520 


31 


69440 


39 


87360 


23 % 


52080 


31% 


70000 


39% 


87920 


23^ 


52640 


31H 


70560 


39% 


88480 


23% 


53200 


31% 


71120 


39% 


89040 


24 


53760 


32 


71680 


40 


89600 


24 % 


54320 


32% 


72240 


40% 


90160 


24 H 


54880 


32 H 


72800 


40% 


90720 


24% 


55440 


32% 


73360 


40% 


91280 



14 



Relative Value of Net Ton of 2000 
pounds and Gross Ton of 2240 pounds 



Net Ton 


Gross Ton 


Gross Ton 


I Net Ton 

1 


$10.00 — 


$11.20 


$10.00 




$8,929 


11.00 — 


12.32 


11.00 


— 


9.821 


12.00 — 


13.44 


12.00 


— 


10.714 


13.00 — 


14.56 


13.00 


— 


11.607 


14.00 — 


15.68 


14.00 


— 


12.50 


15.00 — 


16.80 


15.00 


— 


13.392 


16.00 — 


17.92 


16.00 


— 


14.286 


17.00 — 


19.04 


17.00 


— 


15.179 


18.00 — 


20.16 


18.00 


— 


16.072 


19.00 — 


21.28 


19.00 


— 


16.966 


20.00 — 


22.40 


20.00 




17.858 



15 



Usual Thickness of Chills for Chilled Work 



JO 




gfl 








0> 


CQ 
BO 





91 
00 


-1 


00 

09 


IS 

.5 o 


-sua © 


°.1 

•So 


©_ 


d — • 
.2 o 


^3 o 


Qg 


Ho.S 


Qtf 


Ho.S 


Qtf 


Ho.S 


3" 


2^" 


13 


5" 


23 


8M" 


4 


2^ 


14 


5H 


24 


9 


5 


3 


15 


f>V* 


25 


9H 


6 


3 


16 


6 


26 


9^ 


7 


SH 


17 


6^ 


27 


10 


8 


SH 


18 


63^ 


28 


io y 2 


9 


SH 


19 


7 


29 


10 M 


10 


3% 


20 


7^ 


30 


li 


11 


*X 


21 


7H 






12 


*V2 


22 


8 







R. R. car wheels chills run from 4 to 5" thick and 
give from 3^ to %" chill. 

Chill is increased by sulphur manganese and 
crominum also by pouring hot. 



16 



Pressure Per Sq. Inch in Moulds Below Cope Joint 





a 




d 




d 




o>'~ 




©• 




c ,FH 


A & 




A S 


s i 


A 2? 


t- 1 _i 


~ Q> 


t3 o 


MOD 


+3 o 


0Q CO 




02 • 

£ <v 


Dep 
Inch 


- -- 
PhO< 




CO 


1 


.26 


19 


4.94 


37 


9.62 


2 


.52 


20 


5.20 


38 


9.88 


3 


.78 


21 


5.46 


39 


10.14 


4 


1.04 


22 


5.72 


40 


10.40 


5 


1.30 


23 


5.98 


41 


10.66 


6 


1.56 


24 


6.24 


42 


10.92 


7 


1.82 


25 


6.50 


43 


11.18 


8 


2.08 


26 


6.76 


44 


11.44 


9 


2.34 


27 


7.02 


45 


11.70 


10 


2.60 


28 


7.28 


46 


11.96 


11 


2.86 


29 


7.50 


47 


12.22 


12 


3.12 


30 


7.80 


48 


12.48 


13 


3.38 


31 


8.06 


5 ft. 


15.60 


14 


3.64 


32 


8.32 


6 ft. 


18.72 


15 


3.90 


33 


8.58 


7 ft. 


21.84 


16 


4.16 


34 


8.84 


8 ft. 


24.96 


17 


4.42 


35 


9.10 


9 ft. 


28.08 


18 


4.68 


36 


9.36 


10 ft. 


31.20 



For each additional inch of depth add .26 and 
multiply this by the number of sq. inches upon 
which pressure is exerted. 

To find the weight required to resist the upward 
pressure on copes multiply the area in inches of 
surface acted against by the depth of cope plus the 
height of pouring heads and then divide by 4 or 
multiply by .26. 



17 



How To Change One Thermometer Reading Into 
Another 

1 degree F = 5556 C. 

1 degree C = 1. 8 F. 
Boiling point of water Reaumur 80, Centigrade 
100, Fahrenheit 212. Fahrenheit to Centigrade. 
Subtract 32 from Fahrenheit reading and multiply 
the remainder by 5/9ths. To Reaumur subtract 
32 and multiply by 4/9ths. To change Centigrade 
to Fahrenheit multiply Centigrade by 9/5ths and 
add 32. To change Centigrade to Reaumur multi- 
ply Centigrade by 4/5ths. To change Reaumur to 
Fahrenheit multiply Reaumur reading by 9/4ths 
and add 32 degrees. 

Ladles. Their Dimensions Lined Up and Capacity 
in Pounds of Molten Cast Iron 



Diam 


Depth 


Capacity 


Total 






per inch 


Capacity 


5 inches 


6 inches 


5.1 lbs. 


30.6 lbs. 


6 


7 


7.3 " 


51.1 " 


7 


8 


9.5 " 


76. " 


8 


9 


13. 


117. " 


9 


10 


16.5 " 


165. 


10 


11 


20.4 " 


224. 


11 


12 


25. " 


300. 


13 


13 


35. 


455. 


17 


18 


59. 


1062. " 


20 


20 


82. " 


1640. 


22 


22 


99. 


2178. " 


24 


25 


118. 


2950. 


27 


28 


149. 


4172. " 


31 


32 


197. 


6304. 


34 


35 


237. 


8295. " 


39 


40 


311. 


12440. 


43 


44 


379. 


16676. 


46 


48 


434. 


20832. 


49 


50 


491. 


24550. 


52 


53 


553. " 


29309 . 


54 


56 


597. 


33432. 


60 


62 


737. 


45694. 


66 


68 


892. 


60656. 


72 


74 


1061. " 


78514. 



18 



Capacity of Boxes 

Pint Box, 3X 3X 3H inches 

Quart " 4X 4X 4i/5 inches 

Half Gallon, 7X 7X 2^ inches 

Gallon, 8X 8X ±Vs inches 

Peck, 8X 8X 8 2 / 5 inches 

Half Bushel, 10 X 10 X 10% inches 

Bushel, 18X15}^X8 inches 

Help in Care of Burns, Fainting, Etc. For Burns 

Use a two per cent solution of picric acid or cover 
with cooking soda and lay wet cloth over it, or 
apply a mixture of linseed oil and lime water. 
Whites of eggs and olive oil or linseed oil plain or 
mixed with chalk or whitening may be applied. 

Fainting 

Loosen clothing, place flat on back with head 
lower than rest of body, allow plenty of fresh air, 
sprinkle with water, chafe hands, give patient twenty 
drops of spirit of ammonia in half glass of water. 
Strong coffee or wine glass of whiskey will help re- 
vive. Do not try to pour liquid down throat of 
unconscious person. It may cause death from 
choking. If partially overcome by gas get into the 
fresh air and take twenty drops of ammonia in 
glass of water at short intervals. 



19 



Table giving Sp. Gr., Sp. Heat, Tensile Strength, 

Heat and Electrical Conductivity, Melting 

Point and Wt. per cu. in. of Metals 





«a.t3 

ft r* 


'-5 a 


o 


.'E 

o 

-»j -d 

0> o 

WO 


•** "d 

-2 o 
HO 


to 
q 

12 


- r4 

. a a 
FO 


Aluminum 

Antimony 

Arsenic 


2.6 

6.7 

5.72 

9.82 

8.65 

1.58 

5. 

8.55 

8.85 

19.3 

22.38 
7.48 

11.35 
1.75 
8. 

13.60 
8.6 

21.5 
.865 

10.53 
.97 
7.35 
5.3 

17.3 
5.5 
7. 


20000 

36000 
20000 

25000 
3000 

40000 
4600 

7500 


.225 

.050 

.083 

.030 

.055 

.168 

.099 

.107 

.093 

.0316 

.0323 

.112 

.032 

.245 

.122 

.032 

.108 

.032 

.166 

.057 

.2734 

.056 

.1135 

.096 


31.33 
4.03 

i!8 

20.06 
25.4 

17l2 
73.6 
53.2 

li".9 

8.5 

34.3 

5.3 

37\9 

45. 

100. 

36.5 

15.2 

36*. * 


54.20 

2.05 

2.67 

.87 

13.46 

12.5 

9168 
54. 
43.84 

9*.68 

4.8 

22.84 

il' 

7.37 
8.042 

63 '.84 

18.3 

12.4 

29*.' 
over 


1214 
1166 
1562 
510 
612 
1490 
2750 
2782 


.096 
.244 


Bismuth 


.244 


Cadmium 

Calcium 


.312 
.057 


Chromium 

Cobalt 


.1804 
.308 


Copper 


1949 .3195 


Gold 


1947 
3960 
2350 

620 
1200 
2273 
—39 
2646 
3236 

144 
1751 

208 

450 
3270 
5430 
3146 

786 
4262 

111 

241 
2588 
6500 


.6949 


Iridium 


.8076 


Iron Cast 

Lead 


.2604 
.41 


Magnesium 

Manganese 

Mercury 


.064 

.288 
.49 


Nickel 


.317 


Platinum 


.775 


Potassium 

Silver 


.031 
.379 


Sodium 


.035 


Tin 


.265 


Titanium 


.1913 


Tungston 

Vanadium 

Zinc 


.6243 
.1987 
.2526 


Boron 

Phosphorus 

Sulphur 

Silicon 

Carbon 





20 



Aluminum: AL, At. Wt. 27.1, Sp. Gr. 2.6 

A silvery white metal, weighs 1/3 as much as 
cast iron and 5 times as much as white pine, tenacity 
being 1/3 that of wrought iron. Hydrochloric 
Acid dissolves it with ease. Nitric and sulphuric 
do not act upon it at ordinary temperatures. Small 
percentages are used to deoxodize steel. .1% added 
to cast iron in the ladle increases the fluidity, de- 
creases the combined and increases the graphitic 
carbon. In the brass foundry 1 to S ounces may be 
added to 100 lbs. of molten brass to decrease the 
zinc fumes and cause the metal to run up sharp. 
Various percentages are used in the production of 
die castings, manganese and aluminum bronzes. 
Zinc when melted for castings is improved in cast- 
ing quality by the addition of .1% . Aluminum 
castings in general use contain percentages of zinc 
or copper, often both. 

It can be melted in either plumbago or cast iron 
pots and fluxed with salammoniac or chloride of 
zinc. The sand used for moulding should be fine, 
free from mica, worked quite dry and not rammed 
too hard. Use chills and risers to prevent shrink- 
age. Pour at a low heat. 

Antimony: Sb., At. Wt. 120., sp. gr. 6.7 

Bluish white metal, very crystalline and easily 
pulverized. Because of its property of expanding 
when it solidifies it is used largely in mixtures for 
patterns, type and Brittania ware, also in anti- 
friction bearing metals and antimonial lead because 
of its hardening property. It melts at 1166 F. and 
burns in open air with a bluish white flame. Cubi- 
cal expansion from 32 to 212 F. is .007. 

21 



Arsenic: As., At. Wt. 75., Sp. gr. 5.7 

Bright steel grey color. Volatilized at 356 F« 
When heated gives off an odor of garlic. It is used 
as a hardening element in Copper and Lead. 

Bearing Bronze, Copper 80, Tin 9, Lead 10, 



Bismuth: Bi., At. Wt. 208.5, Sp. gr. 9.82 

Hard, brittle and distinctly crystaline reddish- 
white metal with a metallic lustre. It looks like 
Antimony but is distinguished from it by its reddish 
tint. Bismuth pulverizes readily, melts at about 510 F. 
Its tensile strength is 6400 lbs per sq. inch. Cubical 
expansion from 32 to 212 F. is .0040. As it imparts 
the properties of low fusing points and expansibility 
it is used in making safety-plugs for boilers, fuseable 
alloys stereotype, pattern metals etc. A small per- 
centage will harden and toughen lead. As alloys 
of Bismuth, tin and Lead take very fine impressions 
they are often used for moulds and medals. 

Boron: E., At. Wt. 11. 

Boron Suboxide is used as a flux in the production 
of copper castings where high electrical conductivity 
is required. 

Cadmium: Cd., At. Wt. 112.4, Sp. gr. 8.65 

A white metal closely resembling Tin and of about 
the same hardness. Like Tin it gives a creaking 
sound when bent.. It melts at about 500 F. It is 
malleable and ductile, cubical expansion from 32 to 
212 F. .0094. It is used in some fuseable alloys 
with Lead, Tin and Bismuth. 



Carbon: C. 

This element is more widely distributed than 
any other except Oxygen. Its melting point is 
above 6500 F. Graphite, Lampblack, Charcoal, 
Coal, Coke and Diamonds are composed very large- 
ly of Carbon. Regular foundry grades of cast 
Iron usually contain from three to four percent. 
The fluidity and life is largely determined by the 
amount and the ratio which exists between its two 
forms, graphitic and combined. Silicon decreases 
the total carbon and changes it from the combined 
to the graphitic state. Total Carbon may be in- 
creased by the use of Manganese. It also has a 
quality imparted to it by the kind of fuel with which 
the iron ore is smelted. This accounts in part for 
the difference between charcoal and coke iron. 

Copper: Cu., At. wt. 63.6 

Reddish colored metal, very tenacious, malleable) 
and ductile. With the exception of Silver it is the 
best known conductor of electricity. Its tenacity 
is next to Iron. Tensile strength from 20,000 to 
30,000 lbs. per sq. inch. Its melting point is about 
1950 F. It is used as a base in Bronze and Brass 
mixtures. Cubical expansion from 32 to 212 F. 
.0051. Nitric Acid dissolves it, Sulphuric Acid 
when heated with the metal will attack it, Hydro- 
chloric Acid does not act upon it. There are many 
grades and brands of Copper. Lake and Elec- 
trolytic being considered the best for casting pur- 
poses. 



23 



Iron: Fe., At. Wt. 56., Sp. gr. 7.48 

Pure Iron is almost unknown. Its melting point 
is given as 3000 F. The grades used in foundries 
usually have from 6 to 8% of metaloids and melt 
at 2360 F. The various grades of foundry Irons 
are determined by the percentages of the metaloids, 
carbon, silicon, sulphur, manganese and phos- 
phorus which they contain. See table analysis of 
cast iron. 

Lead: Pb., At. Wt. 206.9, Sp. gr. 11.38 

Melts at about 625 F. It is a heavy soft malle- 
able dark grey metal of a brilliant lustre when first 
cut. Its tensile strength is about 1800 lbs. per sq. 
inch. Its weight per cubic foot 710 lbs. It is 
us 3d extensively for sulphuric acid chambers and 
evaporating pans, also as an alloy in many service- 
able metals. In the brass foundry it is often used 
in mixtures to lower the cost of the metal. From 
1 to 3% is frequently used in red metal castings 
which are to be rapidly finished on machine tools. 
From 5 to 10% is generally introduced into Acid 
Bronze and from 5 to 30% in Bearing Bronze. As 
an alloy it is used in the composition of pattern, 
type and white metals, also fusible alloys and soft 
solders, cheap babbits and box finings. It should 
not be used in mixtures containing Aluminum or 
Silicon. 
Magnesium: Mg., At. Wt. 24.36, Sp. gr. 1.75 

Silvery white metal with a high lustre, very 
malleable and ductile. It is used in taking flash- 
fight pictures, in making fire-works and as an alloy 
in some Aluminum mixtures. It is one of the light- 
est of metals. It melts at about 1200 F. Cubical 
expansion of .0083 from 32 to 212 F. 
24 



Manganese: Mn., At. Wt. 55., Sp. gr. 8. 

White-grey metal, melting at about 2280 F. Used 
as an alloy in cast Iron, steel and Manganese bronze. 
Its tendency is to reduce sulphur, increase density 
and combined carbon. It also raises the saturation 
point of total carbon. Light soft castings should 
have about .60%. Medium weight castings .70%. 
Heavy 1.00% chilled work 2.00%. Semi Steel 
from .75 to 1.25 Manganese Bronze .1. Small 
percentages of Manganese Copper are often used 
to deoxidize brass mixtures. 

Mercury: Hg., At. Wt. 200.3, Sp. gr. 13.60 

The only metal that is liquid at ordinary tem- 
peratures becoming solid at 39 F. below zero. It 
is silvery white with a high lustre. 

Nickel: NL, At. Wt. 53.7, Sp. gr. 8.6 

A hard yet ductile metal with tenacity about the 
same as Iron. Its melting point is high, being 
about 2600 F. It is used as an alloy in making 
nickel-steel and for nickel plating, also with cop- 
per to produce German-Silver. Cubical expansion 
from 32 to 212 F. .0037. Mixtures of Copper and 
Lead for bearings contain small amounts to pre- 
vent lead sweat. 

Phosphorus: P. 

A pale amber colored metal, waxy in appearance. 
It ignites readily under ordinary temperatures and 
must be kept under water. It can be cut like wax, 
melts at 112 F. boils at 290 F. When heated to 
240 F. out of contact with the air it changes to red 
or amorphous Phosphorus. This is not so poison- 
ous nor does it ignite as readily as the other. It 

25 



adds fluidity and hot-shortness to Phospor Bronze. 
To Iron it adds fluidity and cold-shortness. Be- 
cause it possesses a great affinity for oxygen it is 
often used in brass foundries as a deoxidizer to re- 
move the surplus oxygen which the metal may 
contain or has absorbed while being melted. It is 
usually introduced in the shape of Phosphor Tin or 
Phosphor Copper. 1% of Phosphorus is generally 
sufficient to remove the oxygen from copper alloys. 
Cast Iron for ordinary work usually contains about 



Silicon: Si., At. Wt. 28.4 

When obtained in the form of crystals, Silicon is 
of a grey color and harder than glass. It is one of 
the most widely distributed of the non-metalic ele- 
ments. At a very high temperature it combines 
with Iron and other metal. Its melting point is 
about 3600 F. Xo. 1 Foundry Iron usually contains 
3 % • It has the property of adding fluidity to Iron 
and of changing the carbon from the combined to 
the graphitic state. It is also used in the Brass 
Foundry as a flux and deoxidizer. It burns out 
the oxids. gives to the castings an even smooth 
grain and increases the strength very perceptably. 
Do not use in mixtures containing Lead. It is 
generally introduced into the molten metal in the 
form of Silicon Copper which contains from 15% 
to 20% Silicon, about 1% of the latter being suffi- 
cient. 

Sulphur: S. 

A yellow brittle substance which melts at 114 F. 
It makes Iron hard, white, red-short and sluggish. 
It also gives rise to blow-holes during solidification. 
26 



It is removed to a limited extent by silicon, lime, 
flour spar and Manganese. It should never exceed 
.07% in Iron, or .8 in coke when making the usual 
grade of machinery castings. Chilled rolls and car 
wheels often contain .1% as it increases the com- 
bined carbon, closes the grain and promotes chill. 
1% is used in mixtures of copper containing high 
percentages of lead to prevent lead sweat. 

Tin: Sn. 

Lustrous and white in color, tenacity about 3400 
lbs. per sq. inch. It melts at 450 F, is soft and mal- 
leable, a bar of it giving forth a creaking sound 
when bent. It is used as an alloy in Bronze, 
Aluminum and composition castings, also as a base 
in many well known bearing, pattern, and die cast 
metal mixtures. Britanna metal and fusible alloys 
contain large percentages. Safety plugs for boilers 
are usually filled with pure tin. Billiton and Banca 
are two of the best known brands. 

Zinc: Zr. 

A bluish white metal, highly crystaline. Melts 
at about 788 F. and weighs 436 lbs. per cubic foot. 
Tenacity 6000 lbs. per sq. inch. Electric conduc- 
tivity 29. Cubical expansion between 32 and 212 
F. .0088. Specific heat .096. Heat conductivity 
36. 

As an alloy it is used extensively in the production 
of brassy bronze, German silver, die and aluminum 
castings. When used alone for castings flux with 
sal ammoniac and add .01% of Aluminum. Bertha 
and Horse Head are the trade names of the two 
best brands. 

27 



Sands Analysis of Foundry 











I 




M 






■2 


r: 




B 


a 


r; 


X 


< 


i2J 


- 


- 













-JS 



Fire Sand 98 1 .40 .10 .20 

■:-. Sand 95 1.50 .30 1.50 

Coarse Molding Sand SS 7 . 2 . .75 

Medium Molding Sand ... S7 9. 2.15 .50 
Stove plate Bene! 

Sand S3 9.5 4.5 ! .701. 

French Moulding Sand I . . 



.15— .1 
. 50 . 20 1 . 
.75 .5 1 . 
.85.5 



Green Sand Facing for Various Thickness of Casting 




New 


Heap 


Sea 


Thickness 


Moulding 


Sand 


Coal 


1 4" too B* 


6 parts 


S parts 


1 part 


3/8" to 1 2" 


5 parts 


6 pans 


1 part 


1 2" to 3 4" 


4 parts 


5 parts 


1 part 


3/4" fcc 


4 parts 


4 parts 


1 part 


1" to 1 1 2" 


4 parts 


3 parts 


1 part 



1 1 2" to 4" 4 ps 2 12 parts 1 part 



To make the facing more open mix with it coarse 
sharp sand. 

For Skin dry work temper with beer or molasses 
water and mix with the facing 1 part flour to 15 or 
20 parts sand. 

Facing sand should be thoroughly mixed and 
carefully tempered. 



28 



Coke and Coal, Analysis of For Melting Iron 





d 


2 




- fe 






■a 

XII 


-9 




Coke 


88 
to 


.85 
to 


10. 
to 


1.25 




to 




90 


.70 


7.88 


.75 


Coal, Anthracite . . . 


84 


.75 


8. 


4.38 



One pound of good coke will produce in blast 
furnace about 1 pound of pig iron. 

In cupola 8 pounds of molten metal. 

In Brass pit furnace 2 lbs. molten metal. 

In Brass pit furnace 2 1/2 lbs. with good hard coal. 

Tilting coke furnace with blast 1 lb. coke to 4 1/2 
lbs. melted metal. 

Crucible oil furnace 3 gal. oil per 100 lbs. of melted 
metal. 

Open flame oil furnace 2 gal. oil per 100 lbs. of 
melted metal. 

Not many iron foundry s produce more than 41/2 
lbs. of castings per lb. of coke purchased. 



29 



Approximate Analysis of Iron Used in Making 
Castings 













c 












t£ 












X 


, 


•a 

O 


1 


'J 


'J 


.* 
= 


3 


£ 


§ 


'J 


ci 


OD 



s 

















barl XIX 










\2'f 


No. 1 Foundry .... 


3.00 


.02 


.75 


.40 .153.40 .11 ::: : 


44 2 


2.50 


.04 


.70 


.40 .30 3.25 .12 2300 


"3 


1.75 


.05 


.70 


.55 .40 3.00 
T.C. 


.13 


2500 


Spiegeleisen 


.75 


nil. 


.10 


.20 5. 






Fero Phosphorus . . 


.25 


" 


20. 


.15 .15 






Malleable, Common 


1.00 


.05 


.15 


.50 3.75 






Bressemer, Straight 


1.25 


.04 


.10 


.60 






Grey Forge 


1.00 


.09 


.65 


.50 3.80 






Basic 


.75 


.05 


.40 


.75 

C.C. C.G. 










CharcoalNo. 1 


2.60 .021 


.35 


.45 .22 3.55 .125 2400 


" 2 


2.40 .031 


.35 


.44 .22 3.50 .125 2600 


"3 


1.50 .035 


.35 


.35 .34 3.30 .13 2900 


"4 


.75 .04 


.35 


.24 .63 2.90 .14 3300 


" 5 


.37 .042 


.35 


.13 2.10 1.19 .. 


Fero Silicon 


11.00 .04 


.80 


.60 T.C 3 


Fero Manganese . . 


2.5 .04 


.70 


SO. 


"6 












C.C. 


G.C. 


Machinery Scrap, 














heavy 


1.75 


.08 


.70 


.50 


.30 


3.25 .. .. 


Machinery Scrap, 












Light 


2.25 .08 


.80 


.50 .20 


3.40 .. .. 


Car Wheel Scrap . . 


.60 .14 


.40 


.60 .75 


3.25 .. .. 


Stove Plate Scrap . . 


2.75 .09 


.85 


.45 .15 


2.75.. 


Steel Scrap 


.03 .04 


.10 


.5 T.C. .60 — .. 



30 



o 



as 
o 



CI 

o 
to 

"3 

s 

5 



o 



.g 

O 

-a 



-a 



1 g 








02 




X 




o 


r. 






0) 




OJ 


,Q 


V 






X 




X 




a 






c3 


03 


03 


Si 








3 




u 




c 








Cv 


00 


d 


i— i 






P 


£ 


G 


d 


x 


x 













o 


a 










.g 

00 

C 


■ 
c3 
ag 
u 


■ 
Z. 




02 

03 
OS 

M 

o 


"c3 
ft 

"3 


X 

o 


. 


a 


cj 







5 


o 


P 


P 




►5 


55 




X 


X 




s 






Fh 


X 


r 




a 








3 


Bl 


- 


"5 


c3 










o 


oj 


!-> 


co 










c 


Z 


t 


a 


3 






3 


ID 


a 


o 




8 




P 


P 


£ 


P 


£ 




i s 


X 
01 

02 

c3 

o 
o 


X 

a 
a 

a 


03 

a 

a 
a 

c 
; 


X 

09 

X 

a 


X 

a 

w 

p 


X 

o 
o 

s 

o 




02 


a 
a 

a 

T 

a 

e 

c 
2 


x 


OB 


X 


X 


>» 


X 

c3 

a 

a 
P 


a 


X 

c3 


O 


i 

c3 


"S3 

c 

, p 


9 


qj 


5 
o 

£1 


- 

a 




02 


a - 


■ 




X 


X 




o 


9 




o 


^. 




X 


f 






X 






c3 
c 


a 


3 

S3 


X 

09 




c3 
2 


(S 


c 


t 


1 




a 


c 


! «2 


09 

G 


a 
P 


P 


p 


o 

c3 
! M 


02 

c3 

2 


a 

a 

7 

a 

a 


1 

- 


X 

a 

X 

o3 


7a 

Fh 


X 

a 

s 




a 


~ 




ID 


53 


a 

u 

P 


c 
a 

c 


r 

3 


a 


3 


O 








<z 


X 




X 




02 


c 


2 c 


oo 




a 




s 

c3 

s 




a 


X 




X 


X 

10 

d 


G 

C 




03 


3 


03 


o 


C 
M 


c 


c 

P 


a 
P 


3 

2 


a 
P 


1 £ 


DC 

2 




c 


2 

5 


X 

a 


X 

a 


X 


■ 

8 

C 


c 
c 


! a 


a> 


X 

03 

£ 


03 
02 


! 3 


c 


i 


| 1 


o 
a 


o 




! ^ 


c 


= 

^ 


c 


P 


a 


p 












an 










c 


5 F 


a 

X 


3 

o 










c 


3 C 


o 


o 










! .£ 


J 5 


h 




c 
c 


t 




03 


3 




B 


3 c 


m 








C 


) c 


> i 


X 

O 


5 




a 


c 


5 c 


i S 


X 
P^ 


X 





31 



— i 



To Figure Iron Mixture for Cupola 

Prepare the following form and fill it out with the 
analysis of the irons to be used in the mixture. 
Multiply the percentage of the element in the irons 
by the percentage it is proposed to use in 100 lbs. 
Should it not total up as wanted change the per- 
centage to be used until the right result is obtained. 
After having found the percentage of each iron 
necessary to produce the required analysis in 100 
lbs. multiply the amount of charge by these per- 
centages. 

By using ferro irons and steel any desired analysis 
may be produced. 

The following form will help to explain 

Analysis of Iron Used 



.s 

■£ fcij 

5 03 


-3 
O « 


M 


Silicon 


Sul- 
phur 


Phos- 
phorus 


Man- 
ganese 


fcS-S 


in 
Iron 


in 
Cge. 


Iron 


in 

Cge. 


in 
Iron 


in 
Chg. 


in 
Iron 


in 
Chg. 


40 
10 
10 
30 
10 


No. 2 

No. 3 

Re melt . . . 

Scrap 

Ferro Sil. . 


1600 

400 

400 

1200 

400 


2.50 
1.75 
2.25 
2.25 
11.00 


1.000 
.175 
.225 
.675 

1.100 


.04 
.05 
.06 
.08 
.04 


.016 
.005 
.006 
.024 
.004 


.70 
.70 
.70 
.80 
.80 


.28 
.07 
.07 
.24 
.08 


.40 
.55 
.50 
.50 
.60 


.16 

.055 

.050 

.150 

.060 


100% 




4000 


« 12.175 




.055 




.74 




.475 



Analysis of Iron Mixture as Charged 

The usual loss of silicon in melting is .25, of man- 
ganese .10, and the gain in sulphur is approximately 
.03. 



32 



Analysis of Iron Mixtures Used by Foundrys Spe- 
cializing in the Following Classes of Work 



72 



o3 



D 



Acid 

Agricultural. 

Air Cyl , 

Ammonia 

Annealing Pots . . 

Auto Parts 

Auto Cyl 

R. R. Work 

Brake Shoes. . . . 
Car Wheel 

Chilled Castings. 

Chills 



Crusher Jaws .... 
Dies Hammer .... 
Electrical Work. . 

Fire Pots 

Fly Wheel 

Friction Clutches . 

Furnace 

Gas Engine Cyl. . 
Gears, heavy .... 
Gears, medium. . . 

Gears, light 

Grate Bars 

Gun Carriage. . . . 

Gun 



Ingot Moulds. . . 
Locomotive Cyl. . 



1.50 
2.25 
1.65 



1.70 .09 
1.50 .06 
2.00 .09 



1.851 .091 .45| 

2. 001.08 .50 

1.50 .10 .30 
.60 .11 .30 



1.00 

2.00 

1.00 
1.40 
2.50 
2.25 
1.75 
2.00 
2.25 
1.50 
1.25 
1.50 
2.00| 
2.25 
1.10 

1.00 

1.40 
1.25 



.40 

.30 

.30 
20 

60 
20 
50 
30 



.09 

.07 

.09 
.07 
.OS 
.06 
.08 
.09 

.06i.20 
.08 .40 
.09 .40 
.09 .50 
.09 .60 
.06 .20 
.06 .25 



.06 



.20 



1.25 

.70 

.80 
.70 to .90 
.60 to 1. 
.60 to .80 
.60 to .80 

70 

.50 to .70 

60 

1.00 

.80 

.90 
.70 
.40 
.75 
.65 
.60 
.75 
.80 
.90 
.80 
.70 
.75 
.90 

1.00 

.75 

.90 



3.25 

3.40 

3.25 

3'30 

3.00 

3.25 
C. C. .60 
G. C. 3.15 

3.50 

3.25 
C. C. .75 
G. C. 3.50 
C.C. 3.00 
G. C. 2.75 
C.C. .50 
T. C. 

3.25 

3.20 

3.25 

3.00 

3.25 

3.25 

3.25 

3.25 

3.25 

3.50 

3.50 

3.50 
C. C. .75 
G. C.2.75 
C. C. .80 
C. C. .40 
G. C. 3.00 
C. C. .50 
G.C.3.00 



33 



Machinery, heavy 

Machinery, medium 

Machinery, light 

Permanent Moulds 

Permanent Mould Cast- 
ings . . 

Piano Plate 

Pipe Water 

Pipe Fittings 

Plow Points 

Piston Rings 

Propeller Wheels 

Pulleys, heavy 

Pulleys, light 

Radiator 

Rolls, Chilled 

Scales 

Steam Cyl., heavy 

Steam CvL, medium 

Stove Plate 

Transformer Tank, me- 
dium Size 

Valves, large 

Valves, medium 



1.25 .10 
1.75 .09 
2.50 .06 
2.25 .07 



2.50 
2.25 
2.00 
2.25 
1.00 
1.75 
1.50 
2.00 
2.50 
2.25 
.75 
2.25 
1.25 
1.50 
2.75 

2.70 
1.50 
2.25 



.40 
.50 

.75 
.30 



.06 .40! 
.09,.50i 
.09|.50; 

.081.60; 

.08'.30! 
.081. 40| 
.09j .35 1 
091.60 
08 .60 



.75 
.30 
.75 

.30, 
.40 

.75j 

.80 
.30 
.50) 



.90 
.75 
.30 
.75 

.25 
.60 
.75 
.75 

1.00 
.50 
.75 
.75 
.50 
.60 

1.2 
.50 
.90 
.70 
.75 

.60 
.70 
.60 



— o 

O c8 
HO 



Low 

C. C. .60 

3.00 

3.80 

3.75 

3.75 
3.50 
3.75 
3.75 
3.50 
3.50 
3.50 
3.50 
3.75 
3.50 
3.25 
3.75 
3.40 
3.50 
3.75 

3.50 
3.25 
3.50 



Strength in light castings depends upon the 
amount of combined carbon in casting and varies 
with it. 

The total carbon should be high in order to get 
plenty of combined carbon without hardness. Sili- 
con rather low to enable combined carbon to form. 

Phosphorous enough to cause the metal to run 
well. 

Manganese high to get clean close grain and in- 
crease absorption of carbon. Castings should be 
left in sand until cold. 



34 



Semi Steel 

To cupola charge of pig and machinery scrap 
add from five to forty per cent of clean soft steel 
horse shoes, rail ends, steel castings, boiler plate 
clippings, etc. 

Use enough ferro manganese to give from 2 to 3% 
in mixture as charged depending on percent of steel 
used. 

Add 10% of coke to amount used for regular 
grey iron. 



Analysis of Mixtures as Charged and Used Suc- 
cessfully 















t.'N 














03 iH 












fcfi 


ox 




"o 






02 


a 


— — 




o 


o3 


"9 

CO 


J2 


03 


o X • 


Auto Cyl 


20% 


2.% 


.05 


.60 


i. 


2550 lbs. 


Gas Engine . . . 


25% 


1.75 


.06 


.60 


1.25 


2700 lbs. 


Corlis Cyl's. . . . 


30% 


1.60 


.06 


.DO 


2.50 


3000 lbs. 


Heavy Frames 


35% 


1.25 


.07 


.50 


3.00 


3600 lbs. 



35 



•a 

a 



O 



o oc 
% % IC © ©© 

«^COtHt* X!00>O©©© 

00 HH^NNHWOS 



©©© 

©o© 

i>©o 

]>© 



© ©©©©© 

ft * ft its © ©©©©© 
INO^^ XtH©©lO©lO©© 

I> i-H rH <N <N © rH (N b- IC00 
r-< CO 


% 5: © 
% \P*ft: lO © 

•vOkCHHNINOr- 


©©©©© 
© © © © © 

rH©T*©© 



ft ft ft -i\ ©©©©o 
T*0^<N"<tX©T*©©©©© 

lO HH^HOHNONOO 
rH O T-tlO CO© 



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oo«tf^©TT<©©ro©©©©© 

T* rHrH XHCH^i © M M © 



ft: ft ^llO©(N©©©©© 

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ri rH © co c: M h io M 






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COCO'-" XrH©rHlO©©©© 

00 © »OOhOO 

M rH rHOO 



© ~\<m ©cooq©©©©»o©© 

COCOrH XhChlOONOO 

oo o •<* <n i> © 

rH rH © 



ft ft ft "\ft — x 

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, 5 Si-s? 



.s.s o^ e^ 



.£ ft to 

•8*1 



£ fa ,2 .2*2 " ® » 

+J (j o C.h-P ffl 

ftg a; |^5 gja fl 
Q££QOPQO£ 



• a> a? 
: M bO 



o o © 



fi fl ft 

|H 

ooo 



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rS 






ft bC 1 ^ c8 fe^ 

J3 '43 -r» O^ " g fi 

•a Sft-slaJ 

jh.pO,2 h cSC -1 
OrQ M ^ J22" 3 =3 



3* 



§a 



O H 

ft .a 



i5d§ fa 5 © 

„_ — ' fi .r£ . CQ 

o -.2l?o£ ft 2 

^^8 ft ^ft.fa^s 

S-2^ =s-5oo fl - 
H.fa o St: Srd 






r tsi©* IN 

s © wX ^: 

© <0 



$ 2 



CO 73 



36 



— ~ 



Dry Sand Facing Mixtures Oven Dried 





"3 










1 


j 






>> 




.a 

6 


o 

i 


2 
3 

c 

>> 

o 
7- 

o 

-s 


"0 

c3 
GO 

S 

5 


Coarse Mould 
Med. Mouldin 


* 

= 


1 

s 

X 

- 


>> 

3 




*3 

o 
C 


X 

Q 

X 


il i| 

Temper with 


1 






lHi 


1 1 


21/5 






4 


TiT 


1/7 


•i 




2 






4 


4 




1 






^ 


v* 




41 




3 


10 


1 


1 


1 


^ 




5 




1 5 


1/5 




" 




4 


TarCom. 1 










10 


5 




.15 




Flourl 






5 


i 


1 1 






6 








6 12 




i i 




11 




7 


15 








15 1 




" 


M 



Xos. 1-2-3-4 for heavy work, large cylinders, en- 
gine beds, anvil blocks, balance wheels, etc. 

Xos. 5 and 6 not so strong for medium heavy work. 
Xo. 7 for thin light castings. 

Skin Dry Facing Mixtures 
Xo. 1. Skin dry facing 1" thick on pattern. 
Xew coarse moulding sand 20 parts, flour 1 part, 
sea coal 2 1/2 parts, wet with molasses water. 

Xo. 2. Millville gravel 1, fire sand 1, coarse 
moulding 3, flour 1/3, sea coal 1/4; wet with mo- 
lasses water. Black wash before drying with 
Plumbago 5 parts, talc 1 part, charcoal 1 part, 
mixed with molasses water. Molasses 1 and water 
8 to 10 parts. Used on large valves, elbows, planer 
beds, etc. 



37 



CORE SAND MIXTURES 
Aluminum and Light Brass 

Silica or lake sand, 30 parts. 

Moulding sand, 10 parts. 

Linseed oil, 1 part. 

Temper with water. 

Fine gray bank or beach sand 10 parts. 
Brass moulding sand 5 parts. 

Rye flour 1 part. 

Mix well and pass through No. 12 riddle while 
dry, then temper with weak molasses water. 

Beach or fine bank sand 2 parts. 

Xew brass moulding sand 1 part. 

Gangway sand 1 part. 

Have the sand quite dry and temper with mo- 
lasses water, (molasses 1, water 8). Bake with 
care. 

Glue Core 

Dissolve 1 part of Lepage's liquid glue in 5 parts 
of warm water. L'se fine dry beach sand and temper 
quite damp with the glue water. The dampness 
of the sand determines the hardness and strength 
of core. Bake with care. Glue cores soften if left 
in mould too long. 

CORE SAND MIXTURES 
Glue Cores. Light Small Work 

Fine bank lake or beach sand and Gangway equal 
parts. Temper with the following: 1 lb. granulated 
glue dissolved in 12 quarts hot water. 

38 



Rosin Cores 

Bench sand 8 parts. 

Beach sand 8 parts. 

Ground rosin 1 part. 
Temper with water. 

Small Cores. Jacket — Port — Valve, Etc. 

Lake or silica sand 20 parts. 

Bench moulding sand 10 parts. 

Linseed oil 1 part. 

Temper with molasses water. 

Medium Size Cores. Cylinder Jackets, Etc. 

Beach sand 14 parts 

Xew moulding sand 6 parts 

Mix together equal parts of dexterine and soy 
bean oil; add to sand 1 part. 
Temper with water. 

Large Solid Cores. Cylinder, Etc. 
Sharp or bank sand 20 parts 

Gangway sand 8 parts 

Moulding sand 5 parts 

Rosin 1 part 

Dampen to suit with water. 

CORE SAND MIXTURES 
Large Size Cylinders, Columns, Etc. 



Coarse bank sand 


11 parts 


Gangway and old cores 


9 parts 


Xew side floor moulding 


5 parts 


Black tar compound 


1/2 part 


Rye flour 


1/2 part 


Temper with clay water. 




39 





Large Cyl. and Jacket Cores 

Jersey or Millville gravel 8 parts 

Old dry sand 8 parts 

Rosin 1/2 part 

Rye flour 1/2 part 
Temper with clay water. 

VENTLESS CORES 

For cores nearly surrounded by metal and very 
difficult to vent the following mixture is being used 
successfully without venting. 

Mix twenty parts of beach sand and one part of 
Phil Smith's Phelim core oil together in a thorough 
manner and place on oven floor or in some place 
where the heat is just sufficient to steam the sand 
thoroughly with the oil for about ten hours. When 
cold make cores and dry same as linseed oil. Black 
wash well and when placing in mould break skin 
on the prints or supports drawing vent wire through 
cope drag or joint same as when core is vented. 
Rods are seldom necessary. 

Cupola Breast Core 

Crushed fire brick four parts 
Moulding sand one part 
Temper with Linseed oil. 

Or 

Bank sand three parts 
Silica sand one part 
Temper with Linseed oil. 

40 



CORE SAND BINDERS 

Glucose 3 lbs. 

Flour 8 ounces 

Brown sugar 2 ounces 

Alum 1/2 ounce 

Mix in one gallon hot water and use 1 part to 20 
parts of core sand. If sand is not wet enough to 
work, dampen with plain or weak molasses water. 

Wax and Composition Vents 

Warm parafhne wax in hot water and force 
through vent machine. 

Equal parts of beeswax and rosin. Melt the 
wax and stir in the powdered rosin. Mix thorough- 
ly. Warm and force through vent machine. 

Core Paste 

Rye or wheat flour mixed with water. If boiled 
or mixed with molasses strength is added. 

Core Putty 

Moulding sand five parts, plumbago one part; 
dampened with molasses water. 

Anchor Cores in Anvil Blocks 

Where core is surrounded with a very heavy 
thickness of metal and there is danger of melting 
it wrap the core with asbestos wicking or fasten 
sheets of asbestos about it with heavy wrought iron 
wire. 

Use a piece of wrought iron pipe the inside diame- 
ter of which is the same as size of hole desired. 
Clean and tin the pipe, then ram the inside with a 
facing made of fire sand and sea coal. 

Iron cores and chills must be free from moisture 
rust and dirt. 

41 



Chill Wash 

Dissolve 1/2 lb. of rosin in alcohol, thicken to 
suit with soapstone. 

An iron screw well coated with this mixture can 
be removed from casting with ease. 

Plumbago mixed with lard oil rub on chill. 
Plumbago mixed with molasses or glue water is 
often used. 

Dip Iron core in silicate of soda or oil or shellac 
and cover with fine sharp sand. For iron moulds 
used in casting brass or bronze use lard oil. 

SAND MATCHES, FOLLOW BOARDS, ETC. 

Plaster of Paris 

Sieve the plaster into the water until it is of the 
right consistency to run well. Oil the patterns. 

Connecticut Clay Match 

Moisten and work into the condition of stiff 
putty any good plastic clay. Next flatten out into 
a form the shape of the match frame and about one 
inch thick. This is oiled and placed over the pat- 
terns which have been previously arranged in nowel 
with parting carefully made. Tuck the clay firmly 
all about the patterns, being careful to press it into 
all corners. After this is done ram up remainder 
of match frame with moulding sand. Fasten on 
bottom board roll over, remove nowel and finish 
match. 

The advantage of a clay follow board is that 
light gated patterns rest evenly and firmly on them 
without rocking. The right degree of dampness 
must be maintained at all times. 

42 



FOLLOW BOARDS 

Fine dry, sharp sand 20 parts 
Litharge 1 part 

Raw linseed oil enough to temper as damp as 
moulding sand in use. 

Iron filings or fine cast iron chips 1/2 part 
Litharge 1/4 part 

Dry fine moulding sand 10 parts 

Put through No. 12 riddle and temper quite 
damp with linseed oil. After follow boards are 
finished spray surface with the oil and dry slowly. 

Cement Follow Board 

Portland cement 2 parts 

Plaster of Paris 1 part 

Fine sharp sand 1 part 

Water 3 parts 

Warping — To Control 

1. Use an iron mixture with the least possible 
amount of shrinkage. 

2. Make mould in such a way that casting will 
cool evenly. Strip heavy sections or pour hot iron 
near light parts to equalize cooling. 

3. Place weights on parts which tend to rise. 

4. Leave copes on light plates and free the sand 
around risers and sprues or remove them. 

5. Make pattern out of line and let contraction 
pull it straight. 

To Control Contraction 

Decrease Sulphur, Manganese and combined car- 
bon. Leaving casting in mould until completely 
cold often suffices. 

43 



Blow Holes To Control 

When caused by the iron the sulphur is usually 
too high. An increase of manganese and pouring at 
a higher temperature help to remedy this trouble. 
Too much dampness in moulds, cores or chills often 
produce them. Mould rammed too hard or 
sand too fine and close also cause blow holes. 

Shrinkage, To Control 

1. Use high graphatic low sulphur, soft iron. 

2. Increase the pressure on mould by using deep 
copes or high pouring heads. 

3. Use feeding heads which will remain fluid 
until casting is solid. 

4. Use chills on heavy parts. 

5. Churn casting through riser using hot iron 
to feed up with. 

6. Keep risers and shrink heads open with ther- 
mit pieces of aluminum or hot iron. Covering 
risers with crushed charcoal or sand will help keep 
them liquid. 

7. Use an iron mixture having a low percentage 
of phosphorus. 

Casting One Metal Upon Another 

The metal which is to be surrounded by molten 
iron or other molten metal must be absolutely free 
from moisture, rust or other foreign substance. 
Inserts are often coated with silicate of soda, red 
lead and oil or tinned, all of which is unnecessary 
provided the metal insert is clean, dry and hot 
when the molten metal comes in contact with it. 
Hydrofluoric acid or the sand blast should be used 
to clean the metal upon which the molten metal is 
to be poured. 

44 



Scabbed Moulds 

Are caused by using sand that is to wet or fine 
and close or is not properly vented. Avoid hard 
ramming and too much slicking. 

Drops and Drawn Down Copes 

Are caused by using sand that is old .and burned 
out or too dry. 

Bars too far removed from face of mould not 
enough gaggers and improper venting are other 
causes. 

Leaving the risers open while pouring is bad 
practice except on light, thin work. It releases the 
air pressure and permits the sand to leave the face 
or cope of mould more easily. 

Crushes 

Result from imperfect mould joints and the use 
of old w T orn out flasks the joints of which do not 
match. 

Rat Tails 

These depressed lines and indentations are caused 
by the use of old burned out sand the bond of which 
is destroyed by repeated use. Add new sand to the 
heap and they usually disappear. Light bag fac- 
ings which float and run before the metal must be 
avoided. 



45 



r 



To Determine Weight of Casting From Weight of 
Pattern 

Pattern weighing one pound when cast of the 
following metals will weigh: 





W. Pine 


White 
Wood 


Bay 

Wood 


Cherry 


Aluminum . . . 

Y. Brass 

Bronze 

Iron 


5. 
18.5 
19. 
15.5 
26. 
15. 
15. 


4. 
19. 
19.5 
16. 
26.5 
15.5 
14.5 


3.5 
15. 
18.5 
15. 
26. 
15.2 
15. 


4. 
18. 
15. 
12. 


Lead 

Tin 


22. 
12.5 


Zinc 


12. 







Make allowance for core prints and metal on 
pattern, etc. 

Shrinkage of castings made in green sand: 
Iron from 1/16 to 3/16 average 1/10 inch per 
foot. 

1/4 inch per foot 

1/8 inch per foot 

11/64 inch per foot 

10/64 inch per foot 

9/64 inch per foot 

5/64 inch per foot 

4/64 inch per foot 

6/64 inch per foot 



Steel about 

Malleable iron 

Brass, light 

Brass, heavy 

Bronze 

Lead 

Tin 

Zinc 

Aluminum (casting) 11/64. 



46 






NON-SHRINKING 
White Metal Mixtures for Patterns 







■ 








GO 


0Q 


"g 


>> 








t- 


7i 


d 


si 






c3 
- 

d 


- 
1 


o 

'-+3 * a 
d '?. 


h 

.a £ 




H 


cs: 


^ 


<- 


ecu 




1 


1 










1 


2 








Melt, stir well and 


30 


17 




& 




pour these mix- 


15 






1 




tures at a low 


7 




2 


1 




temperature 


3 




o 


1 


2 




3 




o 


1 







Aluminum Mixtures for Patterns 



q 
















d 








a 




Fh 








<u 




£ 
d 


d 


ft 

a 

o 




<J 


N 


O 




92 Parts 


Parts 


8 parts 


Xo. 12 Alloy 


90 


8 " 


2 " 




88 


12 " 




Make allowance for 


80 


20 " 




shrinkage of about 


75 


25 " 




re Per ft. 



Composition Pattern Mixture 

Copper 16, Tin 1, Zinc 1, Lead 1. 

PATTERN VARNISH 
For Wood Patterns 

Use gum shellac dissolved in grain or denatured 
alcohol. To color black use lampblack or black 
aniline soluble in alcohol. For red use Indian red 
powder. Copal varnish requires a longer time to 
dry but is more durable. 

Color to suit same as shellac. 

47 



— * 



Pattern Varnishes 

Red iron oxid varnish for wood or metal patterns. 

First apply a priming coat of either orange or 
black shellac varnish. Then add enough dry red 
iron oxid to the orange shellac to give a good body 
and apply to pattern. This will dry very hard and 
produce a nice hard smooth surface. 

Pattern Filler 

r filling holes of any description on wood pat- 
terns. 

Melt one lb. of rosin and 1-2 lb. of beeswax to- 
gether, then cut into shavings 1-2 lb. of common 
yellow soap and mix with the hot beeswax and rosin. 
When mixed thoroughly add 4 lbs. of whiting, stir- 
ring continually. Cool enough to handle and roll 
into sticks 3-4 " diam. and 6" to 8" long. 

An alcohol lamp flame will cause it to melt and 
run into the holes, checks or cracks in the pattern 
which are to be filled. 

For Iron Patterns 

Heat the pattern sufficient to melt beeswax and 
rub well into grain of metal. 

Bayberry Wax 

Make a soft paste by mixing or cutting the 
with benzine or turpentine. Apply with clean 
woolen cloth to pattern and rub to a polish. Keep 
the paste in an air tight box or can. 

Iron Filler or Cement 

d filings put through 60 mesh sieve 16 parts 
Plaster of paris 16 pa: 
Gum Arabic powdered 3 parts 
Color to suit with lamp black. 

48 



CRUCIBLES, 


DIMENSIONS AND CAPACITY 




Height 


Diam'l'r Diam't'r 


Diam't'r 








Nos. 




at lop at bilge 


at b't'm 


(A 

s 


M 


t/a 




Outside 


Outside Outside 


Outside 


To 


e5 

s 


.5 

a* 




Inches 


Inches Inches 


Inches 


U 






10 


7% 


m 


6% 


4% 




2 





12 


8 


6% 


7 


5 




2 


1 


14 


8% 


7 


7% 


5% 




3 





16 


9% 


w% 


7% 


5% 




3 


1 


18 


9% 


7% 


8 


5% 










20 


io% 


7% 


8% 


6% 







1 


25 


n 


s% 


9 


6% 




1 





30 


n% 


m 


9% 


6% 




2 


1 


35 


12 


9 


9% 


7% 




3 


1 


40 


12% 


9% 


10% 


7% 


2 


1 





45 


13 


9%" 


10% 


7% 


2 


2 





50 


13% 


io% 


11% 


8 


2 


3 


1 


60 


14 


io% 


11% 


8% 


3 





1 


70 


14% 


10% 


12 


8% 


3 


2 


1 


80 


15% 


11% 12% 


9% 


4 








90 


151-4 


11% 


12% 


9% 


4 


1 


1 


100 


16 % 


12 


13% 


9% 


4 


3 


1 


125 


17% 


12% 


14% 


10 


6 








150 


19% 


13 % 


15 


10% 


7 


2 





200 


20% 


15 


16% 


11% 


9 


3 


1 


225 


21 


15% 


17% 


11% 


10 


3 





250 


22% 


15 


17 


12% 


11 


1 





300 


23% 


i 16% 


18 


12 


13 








400 


24 


i 17% 


19% 


14% 


15 









The capacity is usually 3 lb. per number for 
Brass or Bronze. 



49 



Hi 



ALUMINUM CASTINGS 









- 




































2 


z 








- 


C 


r 






•j 


E 


t 


= 




< 


s 




t 


^ 








v 






Xo. 12 Allov Al for general work 


90 










Stiff and strong works well 


>: 


15 








Works well tor general work 


>> 


10 




■2 




: ng metal 


9 ') 









s 


Magna lium 


BS 


o 






10 





Aluminum Solders 

Melt in separate crucibles. 1 of tin and 4 of 
zinc: pour together, mix well, and pour into pencil 
shapes. 

Tin 11 parts, zinc -i parts, aluminum 1 part 
Phosphor tin 1. zinc 11. tin 29 and aluminumlpart . 

Copper may be added to molten aluminum by 
the use of clean sheet copper or wire. 

Heat the aluminum to about 1300 F. and it will 
dissolve the sheet or wire rapidly. 

Hardener or temper metal for aluminum: Melt 
50 lbs. of copper and just before it is all melted start 
adding 50 lbs. of aluminum. The al. will raise the 
heat sufficient to melt the remaining copper. Stir 
well with plumbago stirrer and pour into ingots. 
of the temper metal will produce Xo. 12 alloy. 



50 



ALUMINUM BRONZES 
App. Melting Point 1700 F. 
Aluminum Bronze 



Copper 


Aluminum 


Zinc 


Phosper Tin 


85 


1 


12 


2 


85 


10 


1 


4 


90 


2 


6 


2 


90 


7 


3 




92 


6 


2 




90 


10 




Tensile Strength 70000 lbs. 



Melt the copper under a cover of charcoal and 
glass and introduce the aluminum as soon as copper 
becomes fluid. 

Use skim gates and pour rapidly from bottom of 
mould in such a manner as to cause the least amount 
of agitation of metal. 

Large risers and chills are necessary on heavy 
parts. 

Keep all risers closed air tight. 

Flux with one ounce of chloride of manganese 
per 100 lbs. when metal is ready to remove from fire. 

1% of manganese copper helps to produce clean 
castings. 



51 



i 



ACID RESISTING METALS 
Approximate Melting Point 1735 F. 



Cop. 


Tin 


Zinc 


Lead 




85 
78 
86 
85 
84 

75 


10 

7 
5 
6 
6 

Ant in 


3 
3 

aony 

> 


5 
15 

6 

6 

10 

20 ) 

85 j 


Blue vitrol mine water 
Blue vitrol mine water 
Paper mill (Sulphite) 
Paper mill Screen Plates 
General 

Excellent acid metals when 
possible to use 



65 
85 
79 



70 

77 



BEARING METALS, BRONZES 
Appro. Melting 1735 F. 



Plastic Bronze 
Brass Rolling Mill 
R. R. Engine 



R. R. Car 
Auto Truck 





Nickel 




4 


1 


30 


5 


Phos. 


10 


10 


1 
Anti- 
mony 


10 


9 


1 


20 


8 




15 



When lead content is high stir well and pour at 
low temperature. The addition of 1 per cent of 
nickel or 1 1/2% sulphur stirred well into the cop- 
per helps to prevent lead sweat. 



52 



MANGANESE BRONZE 
Melting Point 1600 F. 



Copper 


Zinc 


Tin 


Manganese 


Iron 


Aluminum 


56 
58 
56 


41.25 

40. 

38. 


.75 
1 


.25 
1. 

manganese 
copper 4 


1.25 


.50 

1. 

1. 



Melt copper carefully under charcoal. Add the 
manganese copper. 

To introduce iron use tin plate. 

Heat the zinc before placing in crucible and add 
slowly to prevent chilling the bath. When zinc is 
all in add the aluminum and tin. Stir well and 
when molten metal flares zinc fumes remove from 
furnace and pour. Use large risers and chills to 
overcome shrinkage. 

Pour from bottom when possible. The metals 
used should be the best. 

Tensile strength about 70000 lbs. 



Phosper Bronze 

Melting Point 1800 F. 



Copper 

80 
85 
90 
88 
90 



5% 


10% 






Phos. 


Phos. 






Tin 


Copper 


Tin 


Lead 


10 






10 


5 






10 




4 


6 




8 






4 


10 









Bearings 
Acid Metal 
Gears 
Bushings 
Strong and tough 



Use large gates and risers. 

Pour cold and black mould well with plumbago. 

53 



M 



YELLOW BRASS MIXTURES 
Approximate Melting Point 1645 F. 



Copper 


Tin 


Zinc 


Lead 




50 




50 




Art Castings, Panels, Locks, etc. 


60 




40 




Muntz Metal, Bolts & Nuts 


62 


1 


37 




Naval Brass 


62 




38 




Common High Brass 


65 


1H 


29 


Wi 


Passenger Car Trimmings 


66 




32 


2 


Plumbers' Goods 


75 


2 


22 


1 


GeDeral Work 


86 




13 


1 


Brazing Metal 



Steam Metal Appro. Melting Point 1780 F. 



86 
84 
88 
87 
90 
86 
80 



6 


6 


2 


7 


4H 


4H 


10 


2 




6 


5 


2 


4^ 


sy 2 


2 ) 


7V2 


sy 2 


3 r 


7 


10 


3j 



Steam Metal Flanges, Elbows, etc. 



Small Valve Bodies 
Half inch to six 
inches diameter 



Red Metal or Composition General Work, Melting 
Point 1780 F. 



80 

80 
87 
90 
88 
85 
80 
88 



6.5 

10 



9 
10 
10 
10 



6.5 

5 
4 
2 
3 
5 
10 



6.5 



Ounce metal Low pressure steam 
and general work 

More dense and strong 

General purpose 

Hydrant and valve stems 

Gun Metal 

Pumps and liners 

Propellers 

Pump liners, acid water. Melt all 
new metal and pig then use the 
re melted metal for the castings 



54 



— __ 



COPPER CASTINGS 
Boronized Copper Castings 

For high electrical conductivity use two clean 
crucibles. In one melt Lake copper well covered 
with charcoal to 2400 deg. F. Have the second 
crucible red hot and after placing 1% of Boron flux 
in it pour the molten copper and charcoal into second 
crucible. Stir well with plumbago skimmer. The 
metal may be cooled to proper pouring heat with 
gates and risers from previous casts. When cool 
enough to pour skim clean and pour quickly. 
Shrinkage is about the same as aluminum or man- 
ganese bronze. 

Melt good grade of casting copper under charcoal. 
When thoroughly melted pole it with hard wood 
stick until oxygen is reduced. Then add from 2 to 
5% zinc. Or 1 to 1 1/2% of silicon. 

Phosper copper is also used. 

10% of 15% phosper copper being usually suf- 
ficient. 

Coloring Brass and Bronze Castings 

Use metal free from iron or other impurities and 
leave castings in the mould until they attain the 
desired color. Then remove quickly and set the 
color by plunging into water. 

The length of time to leave in mould must be 
determined by experience. Thickness of casting, 
heat at which it was poured and the metal in mix- 
ture are all to be taken into consideration. Valve 
bodies running from Y^ to 2" diam. usually re- 
quire 10 to 30 minutes to cool before dipping in 
water. 

55 



Acids Used for Cleaning Castings and Remarks 

Good ventilation and protection from the acid 
and fumes must be provided. 

Aqua Regia is composed of one part Nitric and 
three parts Hydrochloric acid. It is the strongest 
solvent known. 

Nitric acid or aqua fortis is a colorless liquid very 
powerful and active. The gases are poisonous. 

Hydrochloric Acid. Known also as muriatic. 
Spirit of salt and marine acid is yellowish in color, 
has a sharp penetrating taste and smell. The 
fumes produce suffocation. 

Acid Pickle for Iron Castings 

Hydrofluoric acid in a concentrated state is very 
strong and powerful. The standard commercial 
solution on the market usually contains 30% acid 
and is diluted for use with about 20 parts water. 
Unlike sulphuric acid it acts upon the sand direct. 
As it attacks lead, glass or porcelain it is usually 
mixed in a wooden vat well lined with a coating of 
tar or asphaltum. 

Should any of the acid or pickle come in contact 
with the skin wash at once with diluted ammonia 
water or apply Unseed oil and lime water. 

As the pickle produces a smooth, clean surface 
on cast iron it is used on work that is to be polished 
or nickled. 

Always pour the acid slowly into the water. 

For cleaning cast iron that is to be nickel plated 
use the following: 

Hydrofluoric acid 1 part 
Sulphuric acid 3 parts 

Water 4 parts 

Leave in pickle about 20 minutes. 

Remove and rinse in lime water composed of 
lime 1, water 20 parts. 

56 



Acid Pickles for Iron Castings 
Sulphuric acid (Oil of vitrol) is reduced or mixed 
with from two to ten parts of water, depending up- 
on strength of the acid and the thickness of sand 
scale to be removed. Use a lead lined tank or 
earthenware jar. Pour the acid slowly into the 
water and stir well. 

Dip the work in the pickle and let soak a moment. 
Then remove and place in drain rack until sand 
becomes loose. It can then be washed off with 
clean water. 

Acid Pickles for Brass Castings 
Nitric acid one part To clean and 

Sulphuric acid one part brighten 

Muriatic one eighth part 

If work is too dull in color add muriatic. If too 
white add nitric. Rinse in hot, clear water. 

Bright Yellow Brass Dip 

Sulphuric acid three quarts 
Nitric acid two quarts 
Salt one tablespoon 

Bright Dipping Pickle 

Sulphuric acid one gallon 
Muriatic acid one half pint 
Nitric acid one half pint 
Water one half pint 
Nitre 6 lbs. 

Fumeless Acid Dip 
Water five lbs. 
Sulphuric acid ten lbs. 
Saltpetre two lbs. 

57 



A 



Dip for Brass Casting to be Tinned 

Heat castings and dip in muriatic acid cut with 
zinc, then dip into molten tin. Again dip in the 
acid and remove surplus tin by shaking. 

FLUXES USED IN BRASS FOUNDRY 

Brass, Bronze and Copper Castings 

Crushed charcoal enough to thoroughly cover the 
metal. Coke dust, saw dust and tan bark are also 
used. 

Glass enough to produce a fluid slag covering 
over the metal. 

Salt one tablespoon to 50 lbs. of copper. 

Aluminum 

Zinc cloride tablespoon to 50 lbs. metal. Place 
on molten metal and stir in. Do not breathe fumes. 

Babbit Metals and All Zinc and White Metals 

Sprinkle surface with Sal Ammoniac or tallow 
and rosin. 

Borings and Sweepings 
Plaster of paris. 

German Silver 

Plaster of paris and nitre equal parts. Stir well 
into metal. 

FLUXES AND PURIFIERS OF IRON 
Fluorspar Marble Chips, Lime Stone or Oyster 
Shells 
Use from 25 to 50 lbs. of either of the above per 
ton of iron. Vary the amount used until the slag 
attains the right degree of fluidity. Place the flux 
on third and each succeeding charge of coke. 

58 



Aluminum 

.2 to .1.% used in ladle to remove gases and add 
life to the iron. It increases the softness* and 
strength of white iron and decreases the strength 
of soft iron. 

Crominum 

About 1% used in ladle to increase the density 
and strength. 

Fero Manganese 

Used in cupola or ladle to remove sulphur, close 
the grain and make castings more sound and clean. 
It toughens the chill on chilled work. 

FLUXES AND PURIFIERS OF IRON 
Titanium 

2% of 10% Fero Titanium cleanses the iron of 
oxygen and nitrogen, adds to the strength and less- 
ens the tendency to chill. 

Vanadium 

.1% used in ladle to toughen, clean and strengthen 
iron. 



59 



Cost of Iron Castings 

The labor cost of producing 100 lbs. of castings 
in foundry's well equipped for producing the fol- 
lowing lines is taken from actual records for 1914: 
Coke per cwt. 6 l-2c, Sand 3 c, facings, clays, core 
binders, etc., 4c. These items remain fairly con- 
stant while iron labor and indirect vary. The fol- 
lowing figures represent labor cost only, and are ob- 
tained by dividing the foundry pay roll by the lbs. 
of good castings produced. Indirect and all other 
charges being omitted. 

Pump Shop Capacity 40 ton. Labor cost per 

100 lbs., S .90 
Power Transmission, Pulleys, Boxes, Hang- 
ers, etc. Labor cost per 100 lbs., 1.03 
Jobbing Shop 30 ton, half light and heavy, 1.08 
Electrical Transformer and Light Motor, 50 

ton capacity, 1.07 

Electrical Heavy Motor Turbine Engine, etc., 1.01 
Corliss Engine Air Compressors Rock Drills, 

Capacity of Shop 80 ton, 1.19 
Paper Mill Machinery, Rag Engine, Pulp 

Grinders, etc., capacity 12 ton, .92 
Stone Working Machinery, rubbing beds, 
Stone Planers, Derrick Castings, 20 ton 

capacity, .73 
Tool Work Shop, Lathes, Planers, Milling 

Machinery, capacity 40 ton, .82 

Printing Press Work, 12 ton shop, 1.11 

Valve and Hydrant Shop, capacity 30 ton, .88 

Wages Average for Moulders, S3. 00 

Core Makers, 2.50 

Helpers, 1.80 

60 



Estimating on the Cost of Castings 
Many cost accountants use the following form or 
schedule when figuring on new work Coke $8.50 and 
Sand $2.50 in fdy. bins: 



Coke 

Sand 

Sundries 

Flasks and Rigging 

Iron 

Shrinkage 

Moulding 

Cores 

Discount 6% 

Cleaning 

Shipping Fgt 

Overhead , 

Profit 



Per cwt. 
$.065 
.030! 
.040 
,050 
.750 
.040 
.400 
.300 
.050 
.300 

.500 
.250 



Per ton 



For Small Orders and Single Castings 

Foundries are rapidly adopting the method used 
in machine shops on repair work. The customer 
pays for stock used and time spent on job. 



61 



Str r-r± :: Me:£i TrmsTfrsr mi Tensilr 



Ont AluiMMlMIIH 

A - ------- •—- ^7'lZ-lr? - ... 

" Got. Z: hit »-l 1- 
u Phos. 

y^ u 

Ti'-ii. " ... 

•~2f: «?■:-:• rer 

lion-Cast Soft. 

Medhnn 

Haid 

Malleable 

" Lead 

Steel Cast 

Steel Tool.. 

T: 

Zinc 




75000 

: : :•:•: 

r • • :•; 
-•>:•: 

G60M 

:-■:«>: 

210O 20000 

_; :•:■• 

-v.;.; 

.: :••:•: 
-:■•:•: 

6001 



62 






To Find the Weight of Castings From Measure- 
ments Given in Inches 

If square or rectangular multiply length by 
breadth by thickness, which gives the total number 
of cubic inches. Then multiply total number of 
cubic inches by the wt. of one cubic inch of the 
metal to be used. 

Round Plates, Solid Round Columns or Shafts, 
Capacity of Ladles, Etc. 

Square the diameter and multiply by .7854 which 
gives the number of cubic inches for one inch of 
thickness. Again multiply by the number of inches 
in length or depth and lastly by the weight of one 
cubic inch of the metal to be used. 

Cylinders, Pulley or Balance Wheel Rims, Straight 
Pipes, Etc. 

To the inside diameter add the thickness of one 
side and multiply by 3.1416 then by the thickness, 
again by number of inches in length or depth. This 
gives total number of cubic inches contained which 
must again be multiplied by the weight of one cubic 
inch of the metal to be used. 

Balls 

Cube the diameter and multiply by .5236. The 
result will be the number of cubic inches contained 
in pattern. This multiplied by the weight of one 
cubic inch of metal to be used gives the weight of 
baU. 

To find the weight per cubic inch specific gravity 
being given, multilpy specific gravity by .036085 
Wt. per cu. ft. Multiply specific gravity by 62.425. 
63 



"*"V ; — 


r,: -,:ll: izi 


~ -- z 


7 :: Zl- L-:- 


l,i: 




Brass, Copper in : 5: r: ! - 1 e 








- 










- 
- 


7 s 

- - 

- ~ 

- 


T 


1 


DC 

- 


- 


■ 


. 


■-V 


1 . :•: 


_ _ ~ 




1 T'": 






: :.:" 


J:o: 


":^ : 


:«>: 


: « " 


1 » - 




. - ". 


4:»;~ 


72*i 


: _ : 


:•:".; 


_: ' 




. >-. 




: : r : 




^-- 


" » r 


. 




: .•-: 




: _ : 


: :-.: 


1 1: 




: - L -.'. 




. -- 


" 


: ?: 


: f.f 


- . 


* :*:2 


. 133 


: :.:.: 


. i 


. 


1 J: 


- , 


:: ^;- 




-. rV 


: . 




; :^ 






: :■-■: 


" 


i . 


-- ' 


:- ; 


- 


_■ 743 




• 73 




r •:" 


r :: 




23 --. 




- J " 


" 


1 M 


- : _ 




.- ' 


- 


1 . . 


. 




1 


1 


':■'. :i:^ 




. ■- 


? r 


:: :" 


r :- 


-- , 


4: i^f 


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.. 


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« 711 


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r 


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55.41 


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H ■ 


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J- ^S 


4: :.? 


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:-•: 


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E.j : 


4; ? 






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91 ' 


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41 - 


f;: -- 






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~: :•: 


11 : 


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:- :ol 


s:.:: 




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:.: ^ 






1-j: *-.; 


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v -: 


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•:.; :.: 


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v: :: 




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::-r - r 


■ 1 




- . 




2^4 "■ '- 


"•■- f4 


:;•: -.? 


^ _ 


:1 14 


^- : 








1:1 ^ 


r-: : 


::•:.: 


H." 




' 771 


] 44 


:,: n-: 


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■> 


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1>: : 


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LJ: 


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1:.: 


If.: 


14: 




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is: 


lr-! 


1:- 


u 


:h: rll 




. 


21" : 


229 


lr! 




".-- ;. ,: 


lr" 1*4 


;.-: -_- 


_]: 4 


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Jr- 


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:■-. : 


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;-:; 




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:•*- -'i 


4:r 


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4:.! :- 


'., " 


:.;•: 


r . :.: 


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f.s :: 


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:— 


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ii 


2573 %A 


•;-; :•: 


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r": 


v^ 


lr 


.]■:-: :~ 


r-zr . 


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'JLhi 


• ■ - - 



— 



Conversion Table for Reducing to Parts of One 
Pound i.e. Ounces and Drams, Any Mix- 
ture Written in Percentages 
It will be noticed that the table covers only fifty 
pounds but by selecting two figures from the table 
equalling the figure to be reduced no difficulty need 
be encountered. 

The two examples further explain its use. 









Ounces 


Drams 


Copper 


80.= 


40 = 


6 


6 






40 = 


6 


6 


Tin 


6. 




1 




Zinc 


7.5 




1 


3 


Lead 


6.5 




1 


1 


Pounds 


100.0 




15 
1 

16 = 1 lb. 

Ounces 


16 = 1 oz 
Drams 


Copper 


3. 






8 


Tin 


42 




6 


12 


Lead 


38 




6 


1 


Antimony 


17 




2 

14 oz 
2 oz 


12 

33=2oz and 1 
dram 



16 oz 



65 



OmJDr. 



- :z th - Oz.Dr. 



: 



lz Dz. 



■: ? 




i 


12.88 


2-1 


.-. 


4-1 


- > r 


—: 


78 




i 


13.28 


_-: 


2S 78 


4-2 


18 28 


6-2 


1.17 




'. 


U " 


8-3 


86.17 


4-3 


18.67 


6-3 


1.56 




4 


14.06 


2-4 


. : 


4-4 


38 K 


■f-4 


1.95 




5 


14.45 


2-5 




-.-' 


\ -.' 


-:-* 


- M 




6 


14 M 


-- 


_■ S4 


--- 




6-6 


. -; 




: 


: r 83 


--" 


27 73 


4-7 


-: . 


:-" 


3.13 




s 


l 


8-8 


28 :_ : 


4-5 


43.62 


6-8 


3.52 




9 


16.01 


8-9 


28 \. 


4— 


41 :; 


6-9 


3.91 




10 


16.41 


2-10 


28 11 


4-10 


41.41 


6-10 


4.3: 




11 


IC H 


2-11 


89.30 


4-11 


41.79 


6-11 


4.69 




12 


17.19 


_-:: 


29.69 


4-12 


42 IS 


5-12 


s 




13 


17.58 


8-ia 


:-: :s 


4-13 


42.-54 


6-13 






14 


17 " 


2-14 


30.47 


4-14 


42 ." 


6-14 


: ^ 




15 


18.3f 


2-15 


?•: Sc 


4-15 


42 : i 


6.15 


-' 


1-0 


18 " r 


8-01 


31.25 


5-00 


43 . 75 


7-00 


I 64 


l- 


-1 


19.14 


3-1 


31.64 


5-1 


44.14 


7-1 


7.03 


l- 


-2 


19.53 


a-2 


. : 


T -_ 


44.53 


7-2 


" 13 


1-3 


I! - 


3-3 


32.42 


5-3 


44.92 


--: 


- >: 


1-4 


20.31 


3-4 


32. SI 


:-, 1 


45.31 


7-4 


s :: 


1- 


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20.70 


3-5 


33.20 


5-5 


4£ 71 


7—5 


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3-6 


33 . 59 


T -: 


46.09 


•-: 


> ;-> 


1- 


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21 48 


:-" 




5-7 


46.48 


7—7 


g 38 


:-s 


81.88 


8-8 


34.37 


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41 87 


7-8 


■- 


1-9 


_ " " 


3-9 




5-9 




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10.16 


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V. 


3-10 


35 . 16 


5-10 


47 M 


7-10 


IC if 


l- 


-11 


_; is 


3-11 


35 . 55 


.5-11 


48 : T 


7-11 


10.94 


:- 


-12 


.; M 


3-12 


: 


:-:. 


45 44 


7-12 


11.33 


:- 


-13 


a 83 


3-13 


lz So 


5-13 


48 S3 


7-13 


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:- 


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84 .. 


3-14 


: n 


.5-14 


4£ 22 


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24.61 


3-15 


37.11 


5-15 


49.61 


7-15 


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:-: 


25 >: 


4 ■:■•: 


17.51 


— -:•: 


■:•: :■: 


r-X 



Diameter, Circumference, Area and Weight of 
Round Sections from Yi Inch to 36" Diam- 
eter When Cast of Aluminum, Bronze 
Brass or Cast Iron 

To find the weight of pipe or cylinder subtract 
the weight of inside diameter from weight of outside 
diameter and multiply by total length in inches. 

No. 12 aluminum alloy 8% copper wt. per cu. in. 
.102. Bronze copper 88, tin 10, zinc 2, wt. per cu. 
in. .3195. 

Brass copper 70. 

Zinc 30 , wt. per cu. in. .303. 

Cast iron wt. per cu. in. .2604. 









S 




m 


o 

Eh 

1— 1 


s 


i 

3 


c3 


a 


c 


o3 

pq 


03 




a 


3 


o 


OQ 


02 






S- 




u 


o3 


03 


P 


o 


<! 


< 


ffl 


o 


° 


W 


1.5708 


.1963 


.02002 


.0627 


.0595 


.0511 


% 


1.9635 


.3068 


.03129 


.0980 


.0929 


.0799 


% 


2.3562 


.4417 


.04505 


.1411 


.1338 


.1150 


V* 


2.7489 


.6013 


.06133 


.1921 


.1822 


.1566 


1. 


3.1416 


.7854 


.08011 


.2509 


.2380 


.2045 


H 


3.5343 


.9940 


.1014 


.3176 


.3012 


.2588 


H 


3.9270 


1.227 


1.252 


.3920 


.3718 


.3195 


Vs 


4.3197 


1.484 


.1514 


.4741 


.4497 


.3.864 


V2 


4.7124 


1.767 


.1802 


.5646 


.5354 


.4601 


Vs 


5.1051 


2.073 


2.114 


.6623! 


.6281 


.5398 


H 


5.4978 


2.405 


2.453 


.7684 


.7287 


.6263 


Vs 


5.8905 


2.761 


2.816 


.8821 


.8366 


.7190 


2. 


6.2832 


3.141 


3.204 


1.004 : 


.9517 


.8179 


Vs 


6.6759 


3.546 


3.617 


1.133 


1.074 


.9234 


H 


7.0686 


3.976 


4.056 


1.270 : 


1.205 


1.035 


Vs 


7.4613 


4.430 


4.519 


1.415 \ 


1.342 


1.154 


V2 


7.8540 


4.908 


5.006 


1.568 


1.487 


1.278 


Vs 


8.2467 


5.411 


5.519 


1.729 


1.640 


1.409 


% 


8.6394 


5.939 


6.058 


1.898 i 


1.800 


1.547 


Vs 


9.0321 


6.491 


6.621 


2.074 ' 


1.967 


1.690 


3. 


9.4248 


7.068 


7.209 


2.258 


2.142 


1.841 


H 


9.8175 


7.669 


7.822 


2.450 


2.324 


1.997 


X 


10.210 


8.295 


8.461 


2.650 


2.513 


2.160 


Vs 


10.603 


8.946 


9.125 


2.858 ! 


2.711 


2.330 


H 


10.996 


9.621 


9.813 


3.074 ! 


2.915 


2.565 


Vs 


11.388 


10.321 


10.53 


3.298 


3.127 


2.688 


% 


11.781 


11.045 


11.27 


3.529 


3.347 


2.876 


Vs 


12.174 


11.793 


12.03 


3.768 I 


3.573 


3.071 



67 



- 


Mill. 




\ 


s 


X 


5 


- 


Z- 


s 


_= 


£ 


oa 


5 


z 


u 


< 


< 


— 


— 


~ 


4. 


12.566 


12.566 


12. S2 


4.015 


3.807 


3.272 


: ; 


12.959 


13.364 


13.63 


4.270 


4.049 


3.480 


h 


13.352 


14.186 


14.47 


4.532 


4.29S 


3.694 


% 


13.744 


15.033 


15.33 


4 803 


4.555 


3.915 


'-: 


14.137 


15.904 


16.22 


5.0S1 


4.819 


4.141 


y% 


14 . 530 


16.S00 


17.14 


5.36S 


1 5.090 


4.375 


Ya 


14. ■- 


17.721 


IS W 


5.662 


5.370 


4.615 


i 


15.315 


IS. 665 


19.04 


5.963 


5 . 655 


4.S60 


5. 


15.7CS 


19.635 


20.03 


6 . 273 


5.949 


5.113 




16.101 


20.629 


21.04 


6.591 


6.251 


5.372 


X 


16.493 


21.64S 


__ - 


6.917 


6.559 


5.637 




If 8S 


22.691 


23.14 


1 25 


6.S75 


5.909 


•: 


17.279 


23 . 75S 


24.23 


7.591 


7.199 


6.1S7 


% 


17.671 


24 . S50 


25.35 


7.940 


7 . 530 


6.471 


- 


IS. 064 


25.967 


26.49 


- 


7.868 


6.762 


: s 


IS. 457 


27.109 


27.65 


S.661 


S.214 


7.059 


6. 




2S.274 


28 M 


9.034 


8.567 


7.363 


K 


19.242 


29.465 


30.05 


9.414 


8.928 


7.673 


M 


19.635 


30.6S0 


31.29 


8 _ 


9.296 


7. 989 


- 


20.02S 


31.919 


32 . 56 


10.20 


9.671 


S.312 


J4 


20.420 


33.1S3 


33 . 85 


10.60 


10.05 


S.641 


-* 


_ 813 


34.472 


35.16 


11.01 


10.45 


S.977 


54 


21.206 


35.785 


36.42 


11.43 


10.84 


9.318 


7 s 


21.59S 


37.122 


17 - 


11. S6 


11.25 


9.667 


7. 


21.991 




39.25 


12.30 


11.66 


10.02 


H 


22.3S4 




40.67 


12.74 


12.08 


10.38 


M 


__ 771 


41.2S2 


42.11 


13.19 


12.51 


10.75 


• 


23.169 


42.71S 


43.57 


13.65 


12.94 


11.12 


H 


23.562 


44.179 


45.06 


14.12 


13.39 


11.50 


*A 


23.955 


45.664 


« Sfl 


14 . 59 


13.84 


11.89 


h 


24.347 


47.173 


4S.12 


15.07 


14.29 


12.28 


7 s 


24 . 740 


48.707 


49. 6S 


15.56 


14.76 


:. > 


S. 


25.133 


50.265 


51.27 


16.06 


15.23 


13.09 


H 


25.525 


51.S49 


52 . 89 


16.57 


15.71 


13.50 


}* 


25.91S 


53 .456 


54 . 53 


17.08 


16.20 


13.92 


% 


26.311 


55. OSS 


56.19 


17.60 


16.69 


14.34 


H 


26 . 704 


56.745 


57 . 88 


IS. 13 


17.19 


14.78 


5 * 


27.096 


58.426 


59 . 59 


18 -7 


17.70 


15.21 


; , 


27.489 


60.132 


61.33 


19.21 


IS. 22 


15.66 


H 


27.SS2 


61.S62 


63.10 


19.76 


:>.:^ 


16.11 


9. 


2S.274 


63.617 


64.89 


20.33 


19.28 


16.57 


^ 


28.667 


65.397 


66.70 


20.89 


19.82 


17.03 


: 4 


29.060 


67.201 


6S.55 


21.47 


20.36 


17.50 


"-; 


29.452 


69.029 


70.41 


22.05 


20.92 




H 


29 845 


1 


72 . 23 


22.65 


21.48 


18.46 


% 


30.238 


72 . 760 


74 -- 


23.25 


22.05 


18.95 


3 , 


30.631 


74.662 


76.11 


23.85 


22.62 


19.44 


"s 


31.023 i 


" 581 


7S.12 


24.47 


23.21 


19.94 



68 












o 




d 
o 


a 


3 


c3 


s 


a 


02 




<3 




CD 


3 


o 


c3 


71 






S 






t- 


c3 


Q 


b 


< 


< 


pq 


« 


o 


10. 


31.416 


78.540 


80.11 


25.09 


23.86 


20.45 


H 


31.809 


80.516 


82.13 


25.72 


24.40 


20.97 


H 


32.201 


82.516 


84.17 


26.36 


25. 


21.49 


Vs 


32.594 


84.541 


86.23 


27.61 


25.62 


22.01 


Vi 


32.987 


86.590 


88.32 


27.67 


26.24 


22.55 


H 


33.379 


88.664 


90.44 


28.33 


26.87 


23.09 


k 


33.772 


90.763 


92.58 


29.00 


27.50 


23.63 


Vs 


34.165 


92.886 


94.74 


29.68 


28.14 


24.19 


11. 


34.558 


95.033 


96.93 


30.36 


28.79 


24.75 


Vs 


34.950 


97.205 


99.15 


31.06 


29.45 


25.31 


H 


35.343 


99.402 


10 . 13 


31.76 


30.12 


25.88 


Vs 


35.736 


101.62 


10.37 


32.47 


30.79 


26.46 


Yi 


36.128 


103.87 


10.59 


33.19 


31.47 


27.05 


Vs 


36.521 


106.14 


10.83 


33.91 


32.16 


27.64 


% 


36.914 


108.43 


11.03 


34.64 


32.85 


28.24 


v% 


37.306 


110.75 


11.30 


35.38 


33.56 


28.84 


12. 


37.699 


113.10 


11.54 


36.14 


34.27 


29.45 


Vs 


38.092 


115.47 


11.78 


36.89 


34.99 


30.07 


H 


38.485 


117.86 


12.02 


37.66 


35.71 


30.69 


% 


38.877 


120.28 


12.27 


38.43 


36.44 


31.32 


M 


39.270 


122.72 


12.46 


39.21 


37.18 


31.96 


H 


39.663 


125.19 


12.77 


40.00 


37.93 


32.60 


% 


40.055 


127.68 


13.02 


40.79 


38.69 


33.25 


Vs 


40.448 


130.19 


13.28 


41.60 


39.45 


33.90 


13. 


40.841 


132.73 


13.54 


42.41 


40.22 


34.56 


y% 


41.233 


135.30 


13.80 


43.23 


41. 


35.23 


u 


41.626 


137.89 


14.06 


44.06 


41.78 


35.91 


Vs 


42.019 


140.50 


14.33 


44.78 


42.59 


36.59 


H 


42.412 


143.14 


14.60 


45.73 


43.37 


37.27 


Vs 


42.804 


145.80 


14.87 


46.58 


44.18 


37.97 


*A 


43 . 197 


148.49 


15.15 


47.44 


44.99 


38.67 


Vs 


43.590 


151.20 


15.42 


48.31 


45.81 


39.37 


14. 


43.982 


153.94 


15.70 


49.19 


46.64 


40.09 


Vs 


44.375 


156.70 


15.98 


50.07 


47.48 


40.80 


H 


44.768 


159.48 


16.27 


50.95 


47.72 


41.53 


Vs 


45.160 


162.30 


16.55 


51.85 


49.18 


42.26 


H 


45.553 


165.10 


16.84 


52.77 


50.03 


43. 


5 A 


45.946 


167.99 


17.11 


53.67 


50.90 


43.74 


H 


46.338 


170.87 


17.43 


54.59 


51.77 


44.49 


Vs 


46.731 


173.78 


17.73 


55.52 


52.66 


45.25 


15. 


47.124 


176.71 


18.02 


56.46 


53.54 


46.02 


Vs 


47.517 


179.67 


18.33 


57.40 


54.44 


46.79 


u 


47.909 


182.65 


18.63 


58.36 


55 . 34 


47.56 


Vs 


48.302 


185.66 


18.94 


59.32 


56.25 


48.35 


y% 


48.695 


188.69 


19.25 


60.29 


57.17 


49.13 


Vs 


49.087 


191.75 


19.56 


61.26 


58.10 


49.93 


*A 


49.480 


194.83 


19.87 


62.25 


59.03 


50.73 


Vs 


49.873 


197.93 


20.19 


63.24 


59.97 


51.54 



69 



s 


s 


c3 


S 
n 
1 




GQ 

0Q 


d 
o 


c3 




o 


3 


o 


o3 


02 






H 




S-, 


Eh 


c3 


5 


o 


< 


< 


pq 


pq 


o 


16. 


50.265 


201.06 


20.51 


64.24 


60.92 


52.36 


Vs 


50.658 


204.22 


20.83 


65.25 


61.88 


53.18 


H 


51.051 


207.39 


21.15 


66.26 


62.84 


54. 


% 


51.444 


210.60 


21.49 


67.29 


63.81 


54.84 


l A 


51.836 


213.82 


21.81 


68.32 


64.79 


55.68 


% 


52.229 


217.08 


22.14 


69.36 


65.78 


56.53 


% 


52.622 


220.35 


22.48 


70.40 


66.77 


57.38 


Vs 


53.014 


223.65 


22.81 


71.46 


67.77 


58.24 


17. 


53.407 | 226.98 


23.15 




68.77 


59.11 


Vs 


53 . 800 


230.33 


23.49 


73.59 


69.79 


59.98 


H 


54.192 


233.71 


23.84 


74.67 


70.81 


60.86 


Vs 


54 . 585 


237.10 


24.18 


75.75 


71.84 


61.74 


V2 


54.978 


240 . 53 


24.53 


76.85 


72.88 


62.63 


Vs 


55.371 


243.98 


24.89 


77.95 


73.93 


63.53 


% 


55 . 763 


247.45 


25.24 


79.06 


74.98 


64.44 


Vs 


56.156 


250.95 


25.60 


80.18 


76.04 


65.35 


18. 


56 . 549 


254.47 


25.96 


81.30 


77.10 


66.26 


Vs 


56.941 


258.02 


26.32 


82.44 


78.18 


67.19 


H 


57.334 


261.59 


26.68 


83.58 


79.26 


68.12 


H 


57.727 


265.18 


27.05 


84.73 


80.35 


69.05 


Vi 


58.119 


268 . 80 


27.42 


85.88 


81.45 


70. 


Vs 


58.512 


272.45 


27.79 


87.05 


82.55 


70.95 


v± 


58.905 


276.12 


28.16 


88.22 


83.66 


71.90 


Vs 


59 . 298 


279.81 


28.54 


89.40 


84.78 


72.86 


19. 


59.690 


283 . 53 


28.92 


90.59 


85.91 


73.83 


Vs 


60.083 


287.27 


29.30 


91.78 


87.04 


74.81 


M 


60.476 


291.04 


29.69 


92.99 


88.19 


75.79 


Vs 


60.S6S 


294 . 83 


30.07 


94.20 


89.33 


76.77 


V2 


61.261 


298.65 


30.46 


95.42 


90.49 


77.77 


Vs 


61.654 


302.49 


30.85 


96.65 


91.65 


78.77 


% 


62.046 


306.35 


31.25 


97.88 


92.82 


79.77 


Vs 


62.439 


310.24 


31.64 


99.12 


94.01 


80.79 


20. 


62.832 


314.16 


32.04 


100.3 


95.19 


81.81 


Vs 


63.225 


318.10 


32.45 


101.6 


96.38 


82.83 


M 


63.617 


322.06 


32.85 


102.9 


97.58 


83.86 


M 


64.010 


326.05 


33.26 


104.2 


98.79 


84.90 


Vi 


64.403 


330.06 


33.67 


105.5 


100. 


85.95 


b A 


64.795 


334.10 


34.08 


106.7 


101.2 


87. 


% 


65 . 188 


338.16 


34.49 


108. 


102.46 


88.06 


Vs 


65.581 


342.25 


34.91 


109.3 


103.7 


89.12 


21. 


65.937 


346.36 


35.33 


110.7 


104.9 


90.19 


Vs 


66.366 


350.50 


35 .75 


112. 


106.2 


91.27 


y* 


66.759 


354.66 


36.18 


113.3 


107.5 


92.35 


Vs 


67.152 


358 . 84 


36.60 


114.6 


108.7 


93.44 


Vi 


67.544 


363.05 


37.03 


116. 


110. 


94.54 


Vs 


67.937 


367.28 


37.46 


117.3 


111.3 


95.64 


% 


68.330 


371.54 


37.90 


118.7 


112.6 


96.75 


Vs 


68.722 


375.83 


38.33 


120.1 


113.9 


97.87 



70 



a 




d 


g 

a 


o 

N 

c 


02 


a 
o 


a 




V 


B 


o 


oa 


M 














c3 


5 


b 


< 


< 


pq 


a 


o 


22. 


69.115 


380.13 


38.77 


121.5 


115.2 


98.99 


Vs 


69.508 


384.46 


39.21 


122.8 


116.5 


100.1 


H 


69.900 


388.82 


39.66 


124.2 


117.8 


101.2 


Vs 


70.293 


393.20 


40.11 


125.6 


119.1 


102.4 


X 


70.686 


397.61 


40.56 


127. 


120.5 


103.5 


Vs 


71.079 


402.04 


41.01 


128.5 


121.8 


104.7 


% 


71.471 


406.49 


41.46 


129.9 


123.2 


105.8 


v% 


71.864 


410.97 


41.92 


131.3 


124.5 


107. 


23. 


72.257 


415.48 


42.38 


132.7 


125.9 


109.2 


v% 


72.649 


420.00 


42.84 


134.2 


127.3 


109.4 


l A 


73.042 


424.56 


43.31 


135.6 


128.6 


110.6 


Vs 


73.435 


429.13 


43.77 


137.1 


130. 


111.7 


H 


73.827 


433.74 


44.24 


138.6 


131.4 


112.9 


Vs 


74 . 220 


438.36 


44.71 


140.1 


132.8 


114.1 


% 


74.613 


443.01 


45.19 


141.5 


134.2 


115.4 


Vs 


75.006 


447 . 69 


45.66 


143. 


135.7 


116.6 


24. 


75.398 


452.39 


46.14 


144.5 


137.1 


117.8 


Vs 


75.791 


457.11 


46.63 


146. 


138.5 


119. 


H 


76.184 


461.86 


47.11 


147.6 


140. 


120.2 


Vs 


76.576 


466.64 


47.60 


149.1 


141.4 


121.5 


y 2 


76.969 


471.44 


48.09 


150.6 


142.8 


122.8 


Vs 


77.362 


476.26 


48.58 


152.2 


144.3 


124. 


% 


77.754 


481.11 


49.7 


153.7 


145.8 


125.3 


Vs 


78.147 


485.98 


49.57 


155.3 


147.3 


126.5 


25. 


78 . 540 


490.87 


50.07 


156.8 


148 . 7 


127.8 


Vs 


78.933 


495.79 


50.57 


158.4 


150.2 


129.1 


M 


79.325 


500.74 


51.08 


160. 


151.7 


130.4 


Vs 


79.718 


505.71 


51.58 


161.6 


153.2 


131.7 


V* 


80.111 


510.71 


52.09 


163.2 


154.7 


133. 


Vs 


80 . 503 


515.72 


52.60 


164.8 


156.3 


134.3 


% 


80.896 


520.77 


53.12 


166.4 


157.8 


135.6 


Vs 


81 .289 


525.84 


53.64 


168. 


159.3 


136.9 


26. 


81.681 


530.93 


54.15 


169.6 


160.9 


138.3 


Vs 


82.674 


536.05 


54.68 


171.3 


162.4 


139.6 


h 


82.467 


541.19 


55.20 


172.9 


164. 


140.9 


Vs 


82.860 


546.35 


55 .73 


174.6 


165.5 


142.3 


V2 


83.252 


551 .55 


56.26 


.176.2 


167.1 


143.6 


Vs 


83.645 


556.76 


56.79 


-177.9 


168.7 


145. 


% 


84.038 


562.00 


57.32 


1179.6 


170.3 


146.3 


Vs 


84.430 


567.27 


57.86 


181.2 


171.9 


147.7 


27. 


84.823 


572.56 


58.40 


182.9 


173.5 


149.1 


Vs 


85.216 


577.87 


58.94 


184.6 


175.1 


150.5 


M 


85 . 608 


583.21 


59.49 


J186.3 


176.7 


151.9 


Vs 


86.001 


588.57 


60.03 


;188. 


178.3 


153.3 


Vi 


86.394 


593.96 


66.58 


189.8 


180. 


154.7 


Vs 


86 . 786 


599.37 


61.14 


191.5 


181.6 


156.1 


V* 


87.179 


604.81 


61.69 


193.2 


183.3 


157.5 


Vs 


87.572 


610.27 


62.25 


195. 


184.9 


158.9 



71 









= 










-• 




^ 


o 




a 

- 


i 


r 


z 


'I 


s 


X 
X 


— 


a 


•- 


■- 


- 






X 






H 








s 


Q 


5 


< 


< 


" 


~ 


u 


28. 


87.965 


615.75 


62.81 


196.7 


186.6 


160.3 


H 


SS.357 


621 . 26 


63.37 


198.5 


1SS.2 


1161.8 


H 


88.750 


626.80 


63.93 


200.3 


190. 


163.2 




S9 . 143 


632.36 


64.50 


202. 


191.6 


164.7 




S9.535 


637.94 


65.07 


203. S 


193.3 


1166.1 


; - 


S9.92S 


643 . 55 


65.64 


205.6 


195. 


167.6 




90.321 


649.18 


66.22 


207.4 


196.7 


169. 


% 


90.713 


654 . 85 


66.79 


209.2 


198.4 


170.5 


29. 


91.106 


660.52 


67.37 


211. 


200.1 


172. 


y% 


91.499 


666.23 


67.96 


212.9 


201.9 


173.5 


H 


91.852 


671.96 


68.54 


214.7 


203.6 


175. 


H 


92.2S4 


677.71 


69.13 


216.5 


205.3 


176.5 


H 


92.677 


6S3.49 


69.72 


21S.5 


207.1 


178. 




93.070 


6S9.30 


70.31 


220 . 2 


208. 9 


179.5 


H 


93.462 


695.13 


70.90 


222.1 


210.6 


181. 


i 


93.S55 


700.98 


71.50 


224. 


212.4 


1S2.5 


30. 


94.24S 


706.86 


72.10 


225. S 


214.2 


1&4.1 




94. WO 


712.76 


72 . 70 


227.7 


216. 


185.6 




95.033 


718.69 


73.31 


229.6 


217.8 


187.1 




95.426 


724.64 


73.90 


231.5 


219.6 


1SS.7 


H 


95.819 


730.62 


74.52 


233.4 


221.4 


190.3 


: < 


96.211 


736.62 


75 . 14 


235.4 


223.2 


191.8 


8 


96.604 


742.64 


75 . 75 


237.3 


225. 


193.4 


96.997 


748.69 


76.37 


239 . 2 


226.9 


195. 


31. 


97.389 


7.54.77 


76.99 


241.1 


22S.7 


196.5 


-■ 


17 782 


760.87 


77.61 


243 . 1 


230.5 


198.1 


% 


9S.175 


766.99 


7S.23 


245 . 1 


232.4 


199.7 




98.567 


773.44 


78.89 


247. 


234.4 


206.4 


'--. 


98.960 


779.31 


79.49 


249. 


236 . 1 


202.9 


% 


99.353 


785.51 


80.12 


251. 


238. 


204.5 




99.746 


791.73 


80.76 


253 . 


239.9 


206.2 


H 


100.38 


797.98 


81.39 


255 . 


241.8 


207.8 


32. 


100.53 


804.25 


82.03 


257. 


243 . 7 


209.4 


X 


100.92 


810.54 


S2.68 


259. 


245 . 6 


211.1 


H 


101.31 


S16.S6 


83.33 


261. 


247.5 


212.7 


% 


101.70 


823.21 


S3. 97 


263. 


249.4 


214.4 


-: 


102.10 


S29.58 


S4.62 


265 . 1 


251.3 


216. 


H 


102.49 


835 . 97 


S5.27 


267. 


253.3 


217.7 


H 


102. SS 


842.39 


85.92 


269. 


255 . 2 


219.4 


v% 


103.28 


84S.83 


86.58 


271. 


257 . 2 


221. 


33. 


103.67 


855.30 


87.24 


273.3 


259.2 


222.7 


y% 


104.06 


861.79 


87.90 


275.3 


261.1 


224.4 


m 


104.45 


868.31 


SS.57 


277.4 


263 . 1 


226.1 




104. S5 


874.85 


89.23 


279.5 


265. 


227.8 


H 


105.24 


881.41 


S9.96 


281. 6 


267.1 


229.5 


H 


105.63 


888. 


90.58 


2S3.7 


269.1 


231.2 




106.02 


S94.62 


91.25 


2S5.8 


271.1 


233 . 


% 


106.42 


901.26 


91.93 


288. 


273 . 1 


234 . 7 





g" 




3 

c 


c 




a 
o 


B 


s 


c3 


1 


H 
C 




*—i 


t9 




o 


3 


C 


ri 


02 






u 


— 






r. 


P 


O 


< 


| * 


« 


K 


o 


34. 


106.81 


907.92 


92.61 


290.1 


275.1 


236.4 


Vs 


107.20 


914.61 


93.29 


292.2 


277.1 


238.2 


H 


107.60 


921.32 


; 93.97 


294.4 


279.2 


240. 


H 


107.99 


928.06 


94.66 


296.5 


281.2 


241.7 


H 


108.38 


935.82 


95.45 


299. 


283.6 


243.7 


H 


108.77 


941.61 


i 96.04 


300.8 


285.3 


245.2 


% 


109.17 


948.42 


1 96.71 


302.9 


287.3 


246.9 


o ^ 


109.56 


955.25 


! 97.44 


305 . 2 


289.4 


248.7 


35. 


109.95 


962.11 


98.14 


307.4 


291.5 


250.5 


Vs 


110.34 


969.00 


98.84 


310. 


293.6 


252.3 


H 


110.74 


975.91 


99.54 


311.8 


295.7 


254.1 


Vs 


111.13 


982.84 


100.2 


314. 


297.8 


255.9 


M 


111.52 


989.80 


100.9 


316.2 


300. 


257.7 


Vs 


111.91 


996.78 


101.6 


318.5 


302. 


259.6 


*A 


112.31 


1003.8 


102.4 


320.7 


304.2 


261.4 


% 


112.70 


1010.8 


103.1 


323. 


306.3 


263.2 


36. 


113.09 


1017.9 


103.8 

I 


325.2 


308.4 


265.1 



To find the weight of hexagon section multiply 
the weight given for round section of same diameter 
by 1.12. If octagon multiply by 1.082. 



73 



Table Giving Circumference, Area and Weight of 

Round Plates 1 Inch Thick From 3 to 12 

Feet Diam. 



a 

5 


Is 

.5 f-> 
OS 


<o 


I 


a 

5 


Ji 

OS 


<o 


5 
to 

1 


37" 


116.23 


1075.21 


280 


71" 


223.05 


3959.2 


1032 


38 


119.38 


1134.11 


296 


72 


226.19 


4071.51 


1061 


39 


122.52 1194.59 


311 


73 


229.33 


4185.4 


1091 


40 


225.66 1256.64 


327 


74 


232.47 


4300.85 


1122 


41 


128.80 1320.25 


344 


75 


235.62 


4417.87 


1153 


42 


131.94 1385.45 


361 


76 


238.76 


4536.47 


1183 


43 


135. 08 ! 1452.2 


379 


77 


241.90 


4656.64 11214 


44 


138. 23 ! 1520.53 


396 


78 


242.04 


4778.37| 1246 


45 


141.37 1590.43 


415 


79 


248.18 


4901.68 1278 


46 


144. 5l| 1661.91 


434 


80 


251.32 


5026.56! 1310 


47 


147.65 1734.95 


453 


81 


254.46 


5153.011 1343 


48 


150.79 1809.56 


472 


82 


257.61 


5281.03 1377 


49 


153.93 1885.75 


491 


83 


260.75 


5410.62' 1410 


50 


157.08 1963.5 


512 


84 


263.89 


5541.78! 1445 


51 


160.22; 2042.83 


533 


85 


267.03 


5674.51! 1479 


52 


163.36 2123.72 


553 


86 


270.17 


5808.82 


1515 


53 


166.50 2206.19 


575 


87 


273.31 


5944.69 


1550 


54 


169.64 2290.23 


597 


88 


276.46 


6082 . 14 


1586 


55 


172.78 2375.83 


620 


89 


279.60 


6221.15 


1622 


56 


175.92 2463.01 


642 


90 


282.74 


6367.74 


1658 


57 


179.07 2551.76 


665 


91 


285.88 


6503.90 


1696 


58 


182.21 2642.09 


689 


92 


289.02 


6647.63 


1733 


59 


185.35 


2733.98 


713 


93 


292.16 


6792.92 


1772 


60 


188.49 


2827.44 


737 


94 


295.31 


6939.79 


1809 


61 


191.63 


2922.47 


762 


95 


298.45 


7088.24 


1848 


62 


194.77 


3019.08 


787 


96 


301.59 


7238.25 


1887 


63 


197.92 


3117.25 


813 


97 


304.7 


7389.83 1927 


64 


201.06 


3217.65 


838 


98 


307.8 


7542.98: 1967 


65 


204.20 


3318.31 


865 


99 


311.01 


7697.71 


2007 


66 


207.34 


3421.2 


892 


100 


314.16 


7854.00 


2048 


67 


210.48 


3525.66 


919 


9 ft. 


339.29 


9160.88 


2382 


68 


213.62 


3631.69 


945 


10 " 


376.99 


11309.73 


2941 


69 


216.77 


3739.29 


975 


11 " 


414.69 


13684.78 


3558 


70 


219.91 

i 


3848.46 


1003 


12 " 


452.39 


16286.02 


4234 



74 



CUTTING PRICES 
(With Apologies to * 'Hamlet.") 
To cut or not to cut. That is the question. 
Whether it is not better in the end 
To let the chap who knows not the worth 
Have the business at cut-throat prices, or 
To take up arms against his competition, 
And by opposing cut for cut, end it. 
To cut — and by cutting put the other cutter 
Out of business — 'tis a consummation 
Devoutly to be wished. To cut — to slash — 
Perchance myself to get it in the neck — 
Aye — there's the rub; for when one starts to meet 
The other fellow's prices, 'tis like as not 
He's up against it good and hard. 
To cut and to slash is not to end the confusion 
And the many evils the trade is pestered with; 
Nay, nay, Pauline; 'tis but the forerunner 
Of debt and mortgage such a course portends. 
'Tis well to get the price the goods are worth 
And not be bluffed into selling them for what 
So-and-so will sell his goods for. 
Price-cutting doth appear unseemly 
And fit only for the man who knows not 
What his goods are worth, and who, ere long, 
By stress of making vain comparison 
'Twixt bank account and liabilities, 
Will make his exit from the business. 

Anon. 



75 



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997 
1 ,285 

111 
1 ,055 
1 ,303 
1,448 

1,372 
1,89] 
1,080 
1,281 

1,112 
1,717 
2,740 
T.502 
1 ,827 
1,040 
1 ,321 

911 

609 
1,275 

571 
2,482 
2,931 
2,535 
1,511 

828 
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281 

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361 

1,301 

974 

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3,095 

3,060 

2,721 

230 

1,104 

615 

137 


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420 

929 

841 

903 

980 

912 

912 

1,491 

493 

821 

40)8 

1,149 

2,292 

1,034 

1,013 

879 

603 

470 

284 

410 

1 ,204 

2,274 

2,239 

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935 

1,309 

244 

790 


997 
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380 
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76 

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1,405 

91 

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332 

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1,322 

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3,180 

3,151 

2,812 

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228 




>> 



7 



MEMORANDA 



^ 



MEMORANDA 



Y 



MEMORANDA 



V^ 



MEMORANDA 



MEMORANDA 






MEMORANDA 



Pig Iron Coke 



Over 40 Brands 



35 Brands 



Spiegeleisen, Fluor Spar 
Ferro-Manganese 

HPHE knowledge gained 
■* by daily contact with 
melters throughout the 
country since 1880 might 
prove valuable in making 
up mixtures for special 
work. This knowledge is 
yours for the asking. 

ROGERS, BROWN & CO. 

New York — Cincinnati — Chicago 

Buffalo — Philadelphia — Boston 
St. Louis — Cleveland — Pittsburgh 



84 



The Vulcan Facing Co. 

Producers and Distributers of 
the highest grade foundry facings 
for loam dry or green sand cast- 
ings and cores. Graphite facings 
which will not run, peel or 
buckle from mold or core and 
always produce a clean blue 
satin finish with a minimum of 
cleaning expense. 



Your inquiry and orders are 
solicited by 

The Vulcan Facing Co. 

Easton, Penna. 



The various steps of the building of 

BARTLEY 
CRUCIBLES 

are based on four important points: 

FIRS T — The careful grading of the raw 
material by repeated analysis. 

SECOND — Painstaking mixture and prepar- 
ation. 

T H I R D — Perfect molds and machinery for 
the formation of the crucibles 
under just the right pressure to 
make the walls homogeneous. 

FOURTH — Exact and sufficient burning. 

RESULT: Bartley Crucibles show a ser- 
vice factor which makes them 
economical * 'tools" in all 
crucible work. 

Send for our literature. It covers all 
Bartley products — tilting furnace cru- 
cibles,, retorts, stoppers, color bowls, etc. 



Jonathan Bartley 

Crucible Co. 

Trenton, - - -* - N. J. 



Albany 

Molding 

Sand 

"The World's 'Best" 

Carefully selected and graded 
for the work required 



FRENCH SAND 



Sand Blast Sand 

Jersey Fire Clay and Sand 

Seacoal Facing 

Etc., Etc. 

ALBANY SAND & SUPPLY CO. 

ALBANY, N.Y. 

85 



YOU are paying from 
15 to 50% too much 
for your Castings, unless 
you are using 

Arcade 

Molding 

Machines 

Forty years' foundry experi- 
ence behind every one 

Correspondence solicited 



ARCADE 

MANUFACTURING COMPANY 

1700 Arcade Avenue 

FREEPORT - - ILLINOIS 



86 



Pettinos Plumbago 

The Best for Your Money 

Gives your Castings a 

smooth, bright 

color 



Pettinos Molding Sands 

Uniform and carefully 
selected by experienced 
men. .". .". .". .\ 

Write us for prices 



Pettinos Brothers 

Main Office 

new york Bethlehem, Pa. Philadelphia 



87 



^ 



<dN/^> 



WYOMING-MAYARI 




SOME FACTS 



ABOUT 



Wyoming-Mayari 

RED EDGE MOLDER 
SHOVELS 

1 . — The blades are of Mayari Chrome Nickel 
Steel, the toughest and finest spring steel 
ever put into a shovel. ) 

2. — The handles are of selected XX Northern 
White Ash, second growth. 

3. — Handle has our new patent malleable dirigo 
grip that is especially strong, immune 
against accidents and an excellent tamper.* 

4. — Very sturdy construction. 

c _Light weight ) F 

*^Well balanced \ ^ sy to use ' 



jb. — Will outlast any other 
shovel two or three to 



7. — The blade edge never 
curls up. It may 
eventually wear 
down, but the edge 
will always be in good 
shape. 

8. — Every shovel guar- 
anteed to the pur- 
chaser's complete 
satisfaction. 

9. — Red edge m older 
shovels have trebled 
our sale of molders. 

10,-Steel rolled and han- 
dles. made in our own 
factory. We are 
sole guardians of 



the quality. 




The Wyoming Shovel Works 



WYOMING, PA. 



MIEIMIEJEJ^JEJEJEJ^J ^1EJE1E1MJ I 



Walter-Wallingford 
& Co. 



Pig Iron 

Coke 

Alloys 



CINCINNATI CHICAGO 

PITTSBURGH DETROIT 



90 















• ^A "^^ f leffiS" '. 








PREPAREDNESS and QUALITY 
mean SAFETY FIRST 

That covers all the ground, when applied to the 
Miller Fluxes, for Foundry practice of all metals, 
ferrous and non-ferrous. The Miller Keystone Flux 
has been on the market for the last ten years and 
is well known for its all around saving and quality 
raising. Here is a brief outline of what it will do. 

It saves its cost ten times over by the saving of 
Coke, dropping of Cupola clean, faster melting, hot 
fluid Iron and consequently clean Iron. 

Our RADIOCLARITE for Brass. Bronze and 
Non-ferrous metals is the wonder of the metal trade. 
It is more than a Flux. It is an amalgamator, 
cleaner, strengthener, beautifyer and above all an 
economizer. It saves tin and will take care of from 
two to three per cent Iron particles. A great 
railroad company claims it takes care of five per 
cent for them. 

Send for a trial keg of Radioclarite and a barrel 
of Keystone Cupolo Flux. We are willing to send it 
free of charge to anyone in the Foundry business 
who will give it a fair trial. 

Don't wait for correspondence, but send now. 

THE BASIC MINERAL CO. 

Box 276, N. S. Pittsburgh, Pa. 



91 




Just as interesting as this reference 
book is our 

BULLETIN-CATALOGUE 



OF 



FOUNDRY EQUIPMENT 

We will send you on request, 
the full catalogue or the bulletin 
devoted to the subject in which 
you are interested. 

Our New England Branch in 
Providence, R. I., will take good 
care of inquiries from that section, 
and we solicit orders and corre- 
spondence. 

J. W. PAXSON CO. 

Manufacturers and Jobbers 

1021 N. Delaware Ave., Philada., Pa. 



92 



. 





















LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



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